2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题.docx

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1、Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, _l_ this is largely because,

2、Lanimals,we stand upright. This means that our noses are _3_ to perceiving those smells which float through the air,_ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact,_5_,we are extremely sensitive to smells,_6_we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of_ human smells even when t

3、hese are-8_ to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,_9_ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate_lQ_ smell receptors in the nose. The

4、se receptors are the cells which sense smells and send ll_ to the brain. However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell _l2._ can suddenly become sensitive to it when _11_ to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it.H._

5、 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may _lL explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells- we simply do not need to be. We are not_ll_ of the usual smell of our own house,but we 18 new smells when we visit someone elses. The brai

6、n finds it best to keep smell receptors _l2_ for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.- 14 -1. A althoughB asC butD while2. A aboveB unlikeC excludingD besides3. A limitedB committedC dedicatedD confined4. A catchingB ignoringC missingD track

7、ing5. A anywayB thoughC insteadD therefore6. A even ifB if onlyC only ifD as if7. A distinguishingB discoveringC determiningD detecting8. A dilutedB dissolvedC dispersedD diffused9. A whenB sinceC forD whereas 10.A unusualB particularC uniqueD typical 11.A signsB stimuliC messagesD impulses 12.A at

8、firstB at allC at largeD at times 13.A subjectedB leftC drawnD exposed 14.A ineffectiveB incompetentC inefficientD insufficient 15.A introduceB summonC triggerD create 16.A stillB alsoC otherwiseD nevertheless 17.A sureB sickC awareD tired18.A tolerateB repelC neglectD notice19.A availableB reliable

9、C identifiableD suitable 20.A similar toB such asC along withD aside fromSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise.

10、Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as all too human, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely d

11、eveloped sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey. as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are g

12、ood-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of goods and services than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The

13、 researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting

14、in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one

15、 received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enou

16、gh to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings o

17、f righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the comm

18、on ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA posing a contrast.B justifying an assumption.C making a comparison.D explaining a phenomenon.22. The statement it is all too monkey (Last line,

19、Paragraph 1) implies thatA monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature.C monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably

20、 because they areA more inclined to weigh what they get.B attentive to researchers instructions.C nice in both appearance and temperament.D more generous than their male companions.24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA prefer grapes to cucumbers.B can

21、 be taught to exchange things.C will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D are unhappy when separated from others.25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C Animals usually show their fee

22、lings openly as humans do.D Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain? That the antis

23、moking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense,and over three decades,some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to th

24、e growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The

25、president of the National Academy,Bruce Alberts,added this key point in the preface to the panels report: Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best j

26、udgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that its OK to keep pouring fumes intothe air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game:

27、 by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention. But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global wa

28、rming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research - a classic case of paralysis by analysis.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wo

29、nt take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia,which would offer financial incentives for private industry,is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of

30、new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was thatA there was no scientific evidence ofthe correlation between smoking and death.B the number ofe

31、arly deaths ofsmokers in the past decades was insignificant.C people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve asA a protector.B ajudge.C a critic.D a guide.28. What does the author mean by par

32、alysis by analysis (Last line, Paragraph 4)?A Endless studies kill action.B Careful investigation reveals truth.C Prudent planning hinders progress.D Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should theAdministration do about global warming?A Offer aid to build clean

33、er power plants.B Raise public awareness of conservation.C Press for further scientific research.D Take some legislative measures.30. The author associates the issue ofglobalwarming with that of smoking becauseA they both suffered from the government s negligence.B a lesson from the latter is applic

34、able to the former.C the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D both of them have turned from bad to worse.Text3Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A ce

35、ntury ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just mental noise - the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now res

36、earchers suspect that dreams are part of the minds emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is off-line. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.

37、Its your dream, says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicagos Medical Center. If you dont like it, change it.Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep - when most vivid dreams occur - as it is when fully awake, says Dr. E

38、ric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the emotional brain) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and th

39、ose feelings can stay with us all day. says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwrights clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting t

40、hat they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we dont always think about the emotional significance of the days events- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwri

41、ght believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn

42、 to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or we wake up in a panic, Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased peoples anx

43、iety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep- or rather dream- on it and youll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA can be modified in thei

44、r courses.B are susceptible to emotional changes.C reflect our innermost desires and fears.D are a random outcome of neural repairs.32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA its function in our dreams.B the mechanism of REM sleep.C the relation of dreams to emotions.D its di

45、fference from the prefrontal cortex.33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend toA aggravate in our unconscious mind.B develop into happy dreams.C persist till the time we fall asleep.D show up in dreams early at night.34. Cartwright seems to suggest thatA waking up in time is essential

46、 to the ridding of bad dreams.B visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.C dreams should be left to their natural progression.D dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?A Lead your life as usual.B Se

47、ek professional help.C Exercise conscious control.D Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text4Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist andcontroversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph