(完整word版)英语语言学试题(1)及答案39320.pdf

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1、1I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%10=20%)x 1As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,and not to lay down rules for

2、 correct linguistic behavior,it is said to be _.A prescriptive B sociolinguistic C descriptive D psycholinguistic 2Of all the speech organs,the _ is/are the most flexible.A mouth Blips C tongue D vocal cords 3The morpheme vision in the common word television is a(n)_.A bound morpheme Bbound form Cin

3、flectional morpheme D free morpheme 4A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A coordinator B particle Cpreposition Dsubordinator 5Can I borrow your bike?_ You have a bike.A is synonymous with Bis inconsistent with Centails D presupposes 6The bra

4、nch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called _.A semantics Bpragmatics Csociolinguistics D psycholinguistics 7Grammatical changes may be explained,in part,as analogic changes,which are _ or generalization.A elaboration B simplification Cextern

5、al borrowing Dinternal borrowing 8_ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules,used as a medium of communication.A Lingua franca BCreole C Pidgin D Standard language 9Psychologists,neurologists and linguists have concluded that,in addition to the motor a

6、rea which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances,three areas of the left brain are vital to language,namely,_.A Brocas area,Wernickes area and the angular gyrus B Brocas area,Wernickes area and cerebral cortex C Brocas area,Wernickes area and neurons D Brocas area,Wernickes area and

7、Exners area 10According to Krashen,_ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A learning Bcompetence Cperformance D acquisition 11.Directions:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with

8、one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in One word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%10=x10%)11Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users k _ of the rules of his language.12The four sounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/have one feature i

9、n common,i.e,they are all b _ .13M _ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14A s _ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command.15Synonyms that are m

10、utually substitutable under all circumstances are called c _ synonyms.16The illocutionary point of r _ is to commit the speaker to somethings being the case,to the truth of what has been said.17Words are created outright to fit some purpose.Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word

11、c.18Wherever the standard Ianguage can use a contraction(he+ishes),Black English can d _ the form of be.19The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty,which is called the c _ period for first language acquisition.20As a type of linguistic

12、system in 12 learning,I _ is a product of L2 training,mother tongue intereference,overgeneralization of the target language rules,and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false in

13、 the brackets in front of each statement.If you think a statement is false,you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2%10=20%)x()21In modern linguistic studies,the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22 Voicing is a pho

14、nological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.()23The compound word bookstore is the place where books are sold.This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.()24 Syntactic categories refer to sentences(S)and clauses(C)onl

15、y.()25 Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself,for example,within British English or American English.()26Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and th

16、e hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.()27The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28 In most bilingual communities,two languages have the same in speech situations known as

17、 domains.()29According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV.Directions:Explain the following terms,using one or two examples for illustra

18、tion.(3%10=30%)31 duality 32diachronic linguistics 33broad transcription 34morphological rules 35phrase structure rule 36relational opposites 37componential analysis 38context 39euphemism 40brain lateralization V.Answer the following questions.(10%2=20%)x 41Explain how the inventory of sounds can ch

19、ange,giving some examples in English for illustration.42Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.（1）10220 1C 2C 3D 4D 5D 6B 7B 8C 9A 10D 10 1 1011knowledge 12bilabial 13morphology 14sentence 15complete 16representatives 17coinage 18delete 19critical 20

20、interlanguage 102 2021F Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22F Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23F The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meani

21、ngs of their components,such as the compound redcoat.24F Apart from S and C,they also refer to a word,or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25F Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also wi

22、thin the variety itself.For example,within British English,girl is called lassie in Scottish dialect,and liquor is called whishey in Irish dialect.26T 27T 28F They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation,i.e.one language may be used in some domains,other language in other domains

23、.29F The true statement is According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,language determines speakers perceptions and patterns their way of life 30T 103 3031One of the major defining features of human language.Human language consists of two levels.At the lower level,there are a limit

24、ed number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds.It is also known as double articulation.32Linguistics that studies language over a period of time,also known as historical linguistics,e.g.the study of the Chinese langua

25、ge since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33A way to transcribe speech sounds.The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound.It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form

26、 a new word,e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences 36Relational opposites,a kind of antonyms,refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.For ex

27、ample,husband and wife,father and son etc.37Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called semantic features.For example,the word man is an

28、alyzed as comprising of+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer,For example,the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world,including the general knowledge about the world and the

29、specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39A euphemism is a mild,indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh,unpleasantly direct,or offensive,e.g.pass away for die.

30、40Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.For example,the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically.In most people,the left hemisphere has primary responsibility

31、 for language,while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.2 10 20 41The inventory of sounds can change,and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds,sound loss,sound addition,and sound movement.1)Vowel sound change:English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the

32、vowel sounds,known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long,or tense vowels.These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes,i.e.between pronunciation and the spelling

33、system of Modern English,e.g.five/fi:v/(Middle English)/faiv/(Modern English)2)Sound loss:Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes.In the history of English the velar fricative/x/was lost.This sound existed in Old English,so night was pronounced as/nixt/,but in Modern English,its pronunciation is/n

34、ait/.3)Sound addition:Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound.For example,the word leisure was borrowed from French,so the phoneme/3/was added to the inventory of English sounds.A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as ep

35、enthesis,e.g.spinle-spindle.4)Sound movement:Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.Metathesis is less common,but it does exist.In some dialects of English,for example,the word ask is pronounced/?ks/.Also,bridd(b

36、ird)is an Old English word.When metathesis occurred to this word,the movement of/r/sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart bird.10 2 42The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors.The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affec

37、ted not only by learners experience with optimal input and instruction,but also by individual learner factors.The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age,motivation,acculturation,and personality:1)Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the max

38、im of the younger the better.But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children.The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been completely lost and their cognitive skills hav

39、e developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.2)Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a communicative need.If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way

40、of life of native speakers of the language they are learning,they are most likely to succeed.3)Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the community of the target language,the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.4)Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.