2015考研英语一真题32613.pdf

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1、 Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,sharing about 1%of genes.That is 1 a study,published from the University of California and Yale U

2、niversity in the Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences,has 2.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both 5.While 1%may seem 6,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,pro

3、fessor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the 8 our kin.”The study 9 found that the genes for small were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is d

4、ifficult to explain,for now,10,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it.There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13“functional Kinship”of being friends with 14!One of the remarkable findings of the stud

5、y was the similar genes to be evolution 15 than other genes.Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years,with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply explain people s 18 to be friend those of similar 19 backgrounds,say the researc

6、hers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care taken to 20 that all subjects,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.1、Awhat Bwhy Chow Dwhen 2、Adefended Bconcluded Cwithdrawn D advised 3、Afor Bwith Cby Don 4、Aseparated Bsought Ccompared D conn

7、ected 5、Atests B objects Csamples Dexamples 6、AInsignificant Bunexpected C unreliable Dincredible 7、Avisit Bmiss C know D seek 8、Asurpass B influence C favor Dresemble 9、Aagain B also Cinstead Dthus 10、A Meanwhile BFurthermore C Likewise DPerhaps 11、A about B to C from Dlike 12、A limit B observe C c

8、onfuse Ddrive 13、A according to B rather than C regardless of Dalong with 14、Achances Bresponses Cbenefits Dmissions 15、A faster Bslower C later Dearlier 16、A forecast B remember C express Ddisruptive 17、A unpredictable B contributory C controllable Ddisruptive 18、A tendency B decision Carrangement

9、Dendeavor 19、A political Breligious C ethnic Deconomic 20、A see Bshow C prove Dtell Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1 King Juan Carlos of Sp

10、ain once insisted“kings don t abdicate,they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,dies the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean th

11、e writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarized,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”politi

12、cs and“embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity polarized.And so,the Middle East expected,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unlike the

13、ir absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside,symbolic of national unity as they claimed to be,their ve

14、ry history and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth,it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should s

15、till be the symbolic heart of modern democratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways.Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these

16、 are wealthy families who party with the international 1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come,it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish exampl

17、e.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy s reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely

18、survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two paragraph,King Juan Carl of Spain A used to enjoy high publi

19、c support B was unpopular among European royals C cased his relationship with his rivals D ended his reign in embarrassment 22.Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly A owing to their undoubted and respectable status B to achieve a balance between tradition and reality C to give voters m

20、ore public figures to look up to D due to their everlasting political embodiment 23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph 4?A Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B The role of the nobility in modern democracies.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic fami

21、lies.D The nobility s adherence to their privileges.24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles A takes a tough line on political issues.B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.C takes republicans as his potential allies.D fails to adapt himself to his future role.25.Which of the foll

22、owing is the best title of the text?A Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined B Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne C Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs D Charles,Slow to React to the Coming Threats Text 2 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Court will no

23、w consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the po

24、ssessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the jus

25、tice can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone-a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say,going through a suspects purse.The court has ruled that p

26、olice dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocket book,of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring ones smart phone is more like entering his or her home.A smart phone may contain an arrestees reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive reco

27、rds of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing.”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California s argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution s protections.Orin Kerr,a law pro

28、fessor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;they must sort out how the Four

29、th Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme Court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to A search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.B check suspects phone contents without being authorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohi

30、bit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The author s attitude toward California s argument is one of A tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring one s phone content is comparable to A getting into one s residence.B handing one s historical rec

31、ords.C scanning one s correspondences.D going through one s wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6,the author shows his concern that A principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizens privacy is not effe

32、ctive protected.30.Orin Kerr s comparison is quoted to indicate that Athe Constitution should be implemented flexibly.BNew technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.CCalifornia s argument violates principles of the Constitution.DPrinciples of the Constitution should never be altered.T

33、ext 3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibi

34、lity of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manuscript wil

35、l be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journals internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt sai

36、d:“The creation of the statistics board was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard Sc

37、hool of Public Health,a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel,unique and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publi

38、cations in Science itself,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis,a physician who studies research methodology,says that the policy is“a most welcome step forward”and“long overdue.”“Most journals are weak in statis

39、tical review,and this damages the quality of what they publish.I think that,for the majority of scientific papers nowadays,statist review is more essential than expert review,”he says.But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine,the Journal of the American Medical Associ

40、ation and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data,but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research,according to David Vaux,a cell biologist.Researchers should improve their standards,he wrote in 2012,but

41、 journals should also take a tougher line,“engaging reviewers who are statistically literature and editors who can verify the process”.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians“has some merit,but a weaknes is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify the pa

42、pers that need scrutiny in the first place”.31.It can be learned from Paragraph I that A Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projec

43、ts.32.The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to Afound.Brevised.Cmarked Dstored 33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may Apose a threat to all its peers Bmeet with strong opposition Cincrease Science s circulation.Dset an example for other journals 34.

44、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now A.adds to researchers workload.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers B.Pr

45、ofessional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks D.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science Text 4 Two years ago,Rupert Murdoch s daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed

46、,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“its us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want,not profit”.Driving her point home,she continued:“It s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a

47、 moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International,shield thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread

48、illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World,Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks,innocent of the same charge the wider issue of dearth of integrity still standstill.Journalists are kno

49、wn to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This long story still unfolds.In many respects,the dearth of mora

50、l purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arr