《2022年牛津版八下英语语法.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《2022年牛津版八下英语语法.docx(10页珍藏版)》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。
1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思牛津八下英语语法总复习资料UNIT1- UNIT3 现在完成时的重点和难点t + 过去分词一、现在完成时的结构确定句结构: have/has + 过去分词否定句结构: havent / hasn一般疑问句结构:have/has 提前过去分词变化规章1规章动词:构成规章与规章动词的过去式的构成规章相同;四点变化规章:1 、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ” ;(然而要留意的是,过去分词并不是过去式)work-worked-worked, visit-visited-visited 2 、以不发音的“ e ”
2、结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ” ;live-lived-lived 3 、以“ 辅音字母 + y ” 结尾的动词,将 y 变为 i ,再加“ ed ” ;study-studied-studied, cry-cried-cried, 4 、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ” ;stop-stopped-stopped, drop-droppeddropped 2. 过去分词不规章变化表AA A型:即 原形 、过去式 和过去分词三者都相同;(共 9 个)hurt hurt letlet let putput put cost cost cost cutcu
3、t cut hithit hit hurtread read read set-set-set shut-shut-shut AB B型:即过去式、过去分词相同;(共 41 个)fight-fought-fought bringbrought brought buy bought bought thinkthought thought build builtbuilt lendlent lent sendsent sent spendspent spent catch caught caught teachtaught taught keep kept kept sleepslept slep
4、t sweep swept swept telltold told sellsold sold smell smelt smelt spellspelt spelt feelfelt felt spillspiltspilt feed-fed-fed lead-led-led speed-sped-sped meet-met-met learn learntlearnt meanmeantmeant spoilspoilt spoilt say said said paypaid paid laylaid laid hearheard heard meet metmet feed-fed-fe
5、d getgot got sitsat sat find found found holdheld held spitspat spat shineshoneshone win wonwon hang hunghung dig dug dug loselost lost make mademade build-built-built send-sent-sent spend-spent-spent leave left left standstood stood have(has) had had understandunderstood understood AB C型,即 原形 、过去式
6、、过去分词都不相同; (共 37 个)begin beganbegun drinkdrank drunk sing sang sung ringrang rung 第 1 页,共 7 页swim swamswum sink sank sunk spring-sprang-sprung blowblewblown draw drewdrawn grow grew grown knowknewknown throwthrew thrown drive drove driven writewrote written ride rode ridden riserose risen wake wokew
7、oken get-got-gotten forgetforgotforgotten bewas(were) been eat ate eaten fallfell fallen givegave given seesawseen hide hid hidden (hid ) take took taken mistakemistook mistaken dodid done fly flew flown gowent gone lielay lain show showedshown wearwore worn 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - -
8、- - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思break broke broken speakspokespoken choose chosechosen freezefroze frozen AA B型,即过去式和原形相同;(1 个) beatbeat beaten AB A型,即过去分词和原形相同;(3 个) come camecome become becamebecome run ran run 情态动词 型, 除 must 外 只有原形和 过去式 ,没有 过去分词 ;(4 个)cancould maymight willwould shallshould must 既没有 过去式 也
9、没有过去分词二、现在完成时的“ 完成用法” 和“ 未完成用法”1. 现在完成时的 完成用法 现在完成时的 完成用法 指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已终止,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系;例如:He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了; 动作终止于过去,但说明的是现在的情形- 灯现在不亮了; 现在完成时 完成用法 的特点是动作不连续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语 如: already ,yet ,before , recently 等 、频度时间状语 如: never ,ever , once 等 、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语 如:th
10、is morning month year.,today 等 连用;例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?2. 现在完成时的 未完成用法 现在完成时的 未完成用法 指的是动作开头于过去某一时刻,始终连续到现在,或可能仍要连续下去;例如: He has lived here since 1978. 自从 1978 年以来,他始终住在这儿; 动作起始于 1978 年,始终住到现在,可能仍要连续住下去; I have been in the army for more than 5 years. 我在部队已经呆了五年多了; 动作开头于 5 年前,一直连
11、续至今,有可能仍要连续下去; 此种用法的句中常 需一个表示一段时间的状语 由 since 或 for 引导 ,或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语 如: up to now ,so far 到目前为止 等;例如: I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息;留意: 1 现在完成时的未完成用法只 适用于连续性动词,不行用于终止性动词,即瞬时完成或连续时间很短的动词;如:come, go,arrive, leave , join ,become, die 等; 2 现在完成常常见两种句型:主语 have / has beenfor 短语
12、It is一段时间 since 从句例如: He has been in the League for three years. 他入团已三年了;三、连续性动词和终止性动词或 It is three years since he joined the League. 英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为连续性动词和终止性动词;连续性动词 表示能够连续的动作,这种动作可以连续下去或产生长久影响;如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, st
13、ay 等;终止性动词 也称 非连续性动词 、瞬时动词或短暂性动词,表示不能连续的动作,这种动作发生后立刻终止;如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等;1、连续性动词的用法特点 1. 连续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示 段时间 的状语连用;表示 段时间 的短语有: for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等;如:I have learned Eng
14、lish since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了;2. 连续性动词不能与表示短临时间的 点时间 状语连用;如:It raind at eight yesterday morning. 误 rain 为连续性动词,而 at eight 表示 点时间 ,前后明显冲突;假如用连续性动词表示一瞬时的动作,可以借助 come, begin, get 等终止性动词来表示;上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning. 正又如:名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -
15、 - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思-When did you get to know Jack. -Two years ago. -Then youve known each other for more than two years. -Thats right. 2、终止性动词的用法特点1. 终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时;如:The train has arrived. 火车到了;Have you joined the computer group. 你加入电脑小组了吗?2. 终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能连续;因此,不行与表示一段时间的状语连用 只限
16、确定式 ;如:1 他死了三年了;误: He has died for three years. 正: He has been dead for three years. 正: It is three years since he died. 正: He died three years ago. 正: Three years has passed since he died. 2 他来这儿五天了;误: He has come here for five days. 正: He has been here for five days. 正: It is five days since he ca
17、me here. 正: He came here five days ago. 正: Five days has passed since he came here. 1、2 句中的 die 、come为终止性动词,不能与表示 段时间 的状语连用;那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采纳下面的四种方法: 1 将句中终止性动词转换为相应的连续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式;下面列举几例:leave be away, borrow keep, buy have, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move to live in, finishbe over, joinb
18、e in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold ; 2 将句中表示 段时间 的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的其次种正确表达方式; 3 用句型 It is+ 段时间 +since. 表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式; 4 用句型 时间 +has passed+since. 表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式;3. 终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以连续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用;如:He ha
19、snt left here since 1986. until/tillI havent heard from my father for two weeks. .的句型,意为 直到 4. 终止性动词的否定式与连用,构成 not+ 终止性动词 +until/till 才 ;如: You cant leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里;I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今日晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉;5. 终止性动词可以用于 when引导的时间状语从句中,
20、但不行以用于 while 引导的时间状语从句中;when表示的时间是 点时间 从句谓语动词用终止性动词 ,也可以是 段时间 从句谓语动词用连续性动词 ;而 while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用连续性动词;如:oclock. reach 为终止性动词 When we reached London, it was twelve Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. be away为连续性动词短语 6. 终止性动词完成时不行与how long 连用 只限于确定式 ;如:误: How long have you c
21、ome here. 正: When did you come here. 四、现在完成时与一般过去时的区分正: How long have you been here. 1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或常常发生的动作;说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对 现在 产生的影响;如:He visited Guilin in 1998. 他 1998 年参观过桂林; 只说明去桂林的时间 2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果;不与确定的过去时间状语连用;如:Jill has bought a new computer. 吉尔买了一台新电脑; 着
22、重点是现在有了一台新电脑 3. 两种时态的区分1 一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是 助动词 have /has + 过去分词 ;如: The film started at 7 oclock. He has been a teacher for many years. 2 一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用;如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而现在完成时就常与 just, already, ever, never 等副词和 these days, this week, since.,
23、 for.等表示一段时间的状语连用;名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思看看以下的几组句子,有什么区分? Have you seen the film.A Did you see the film.B 说明 你看过这部电影吗?A 句强调的是被问者对剧情是否明白;B 句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容; How has he done it.A How did he do it.B 说明 他是怎么做的这件事?A 句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响
24、;B 句单纯的询问做这件事的方式; He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.A He lived in Beijing for 8 years.B 说明 他在北京住了 8 年; A 句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年,可能仍会连续在北京住下去;B 句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年,现在不在北京了;五、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时是较难把握、中考考查较多的时态;涉及的考点有:考查其构成 助动词 have has +动词过去分词 构成现在完成时;如:1. Kates never seen Chinese films,_ . A. hasnt she B. has s
25、he C. isnt she D. is she 析:陈述句部分含否定词 never, 简略问句部分要用确定式,又因 Kates 是 Kate has 的缩写,应选 B;2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. 改为否定句 His uncle _ posted the photos to him _. 析: already常用在确定句中,yet 常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasnt, yet;3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents. A. has B. had C. did D.
26、 have 析: so+ 助/ 系/ 情态动词 +主语 结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一样,又后句的主语为 her parents 是复数 , 应选 D;考查其用法与标志词 一 当句中有 never, ever, just, already, yet, before 1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball. 等时,常用现在完成时;如:-_you_ your homework yet. A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished 2. -_ you _an
27、ywhere before. -Yes, but I cant remember where I_ A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed 析:据 yet 和 before 可知 , 应用现在完成时,故 1 题选 D,2 题选 D;点时间 等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必需是连续性动词, 二 当句中有 for + 段时间 或since + 如是非连续性动词,要改为连续性动词或表状态的词 短语 ;如:1. His brother ha
28、s been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan. A. after B. before C. since D. for 析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,应选 C;2. Tom_the CD player for two weeks. A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had 析: A、B、C均为非连续性动词,在确定句中不与表段时间 的短语连用,应选D;3. I_a letter from him since he left. A. didnt receive B. h
29、avent got C. didnt have D. havent heard 析:据 since 可知,应排除A、C,hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb.意为 收到某人的来信 ,应选 B;考查 have/has been to, in/have/has gone to 的区分; 如:1. -Have you ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors. -Yes, I have. A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to 析:据句中的 hav
30、e,排除 A,B 项意为 去某地了 ,C项意为 始终呆在某地 ,D项意为 去过某地 ,符合 题意,应选 D;2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years. A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思析:此题句中有for+ 段时间 结构,据此可排除 C,B项意为去过某地 ,不合题意,D项缺介词,应选 A;考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和
31、区分;如:改成正确的句子 1. Suns aunt has gone there for ten years.析:非连续性动词与 段时间 连用时,除了把非连续性动词改成连续性动词外, 仍可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型Its +段时间+since+从句 进行句子转换;故答案为: Suns aunt has been there for ten years. /Suns aunt went there ten years ago. /Its ten years since Suns aunt went there. 2. Susan has been in this city for more
32、than ten years. 改为同义句 _more than ten years _Susan _to this city. 析:据上题分析,且since 引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填It is, since, came;3. I wont go to the concert because I _my ticket. A. lost B. dont lose C. have lost D. is coming 析:因我丢了票的动作发生在过去,而且对现在造成了我不能参与音乐会的结果,符合现在完成时所表示的含意,应选 C;UNIT4 动词不定式和 must,have to 应用1、“ 特别
33、疑问词 +不定式” 在句中作宾语 2、must 与 have to 的应用UNIT5 enough to 和 too to 应用UNIT6It 句型归纳:1It is was形容词( for of sb )动词不定式短语;对于这个句型中到底用 for 仍是用 of ,一般遵循这样的规章:假如形容词仅仅是描述事物的形容词,如:difficult, easy ,hard ,important,dangerous 等用 for ;假如形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的,如: kind ,good,nice ,clever 等就用 of ;如:It is interesting to play w
34、ith snow in winter Its important for us to keep the water clean冬季里玩雪是很好玩的;保持水质清洁对我们来说是很重要的;Its very kind of you to say so你这样说真是太好了;如 feel等;如: Its 留意: 这一句式中的形容词位置也可换用名词;连系动词 be 也可换用其它连系动词,a good habit to get up early and go to bed early早睡早起是好习惯;It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship乘宇
35、宙飞船飞往月球肯定很好玩;It feels strange to have a twin sister有个孪生姐妹感觉很古怪;2. Itis was形容词从句;如:It is certain that he will come他肯定会来;Its true that he may fall behind the other students他真的可能落后于其他同学;It is strange that he should say so他竟然这么说,真是古怪;3. It is was ones turn(duty ,pleasure ) to do sth 意为“ 该轮到某人做某事(做某事是某人的
36、责任、愉悦的事)” ;如: Its your turn to be on duty tomorrow明天轮到你值日了;4. It takes(sb)some time to do sth意为“ (某人)花 时间做某事”;如:It took me a week to finish reading the book我花了一周时间看完这本书;5It cost costs sb some money to do sth 译为“ 某人花多少钱做某事”;如: It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch我买这块新手表花了 260 元;6It seems seemed 从
37、句;译为“ 看起来似乎 ”,此结构可以转换成“seem 动词不定式” 形式;如: It seems that he is ill He seems to be ill看起来他似乎病了;7. 主语谓语 it 宾语补足语动词不定式动名词从句;该句型中宾语补足语可由形容词、名词等充当;如:He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well他发觉学好一门外语是不简单的;We think it no good reading in bed我们认为躺在床上看书无好处;I think it necessary that we have the meet
38、ing我认为开这个会是必要的;名师归纳总结 UNIT7 & UNIT8被动语态复习“ 三步曲”第 5 页,共 7 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思被动语态是动词语态的一种形式, 表示主语是动作的承担者;在历年的中考题中, 都有肯定数量的考查被动语态的题目;因此, 有必要对被动语态进行系统复习;第一曲 : 把握被动语态的结构被动语态由 助动词 be+及物动词的过去分词 构成;不同时态的被动语态的差异主要表达在助动词 be 的变化上 , 同时助动词 be 仍要在人称和数上与主语保持一样;现将中学阶段常见的几种时态的
39、被动语态总结如下 : 1. 一般现在时的被动语态 :am/is/are+done 指及物动词的过去分词 , 下同 如: English is used all over the world. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态 :was/were+done 如: The picture was painted two years ago. 3. 现在进行时的被动语态 :am/is/are+being+done 如: The flowers are being watered by them now. 4. 现在完成时的被动语态 :havehas+been+done 如:The room has bee
40、n cleaned. 5. 一般将来时的被动语态 :will/be going to+be+done 如: The work will be finished tomorrow. 6. 含有情态动词的被动语态 : 情态动词 +be+done 如:Your homework must be handed in today. 其它几种特别句型:It is said that . It is well known that . It is reported that . have sth done 其次曲 : 把握主动语态变被动语态的方法把主动语态变为被动语态时 , 应走好以下三步 : 1 主动语态
41、的宾语变为被动语态的主语 ; 2 主动语态的谓语动词由主动语态形式变为被动语态形式 ; 3 主动结构的主语变为介词 by 的宾语 , 组成介词短语 , 放在被动结构的谓语动词之后;在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承担者时 ,by 短语可以省略;请看示范 : 主动语态 :My brother repaired that bike yesterday. 主语谓语动词宾语其余部分被动语态 :That bike was repaired by my brother yesterday. 主语 谓语动词 by+ 宾语其余部分对于主动语态变为被动语态方法的考查 , 主要在句型转换题目中显现;只要能够依据上面介绍的方法去做 ,一般是能够做对的;第三曲 : 留意主动语态变为被动语态的几种特别句型1. 含有短语动词的被动语态一般来说 , 只有 及物动词才有被动语态;另外 , 很多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词 , 相当于及物动词 , 后面也可加宾语; 在变被动语态时 , 留意 不行丢掉后面的介词或副词 , 常见的这类短语动词有 :take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up 2. 含有双宾语的动词的被动语态等;如 :T
限制150内