2022年可数名词与不可数名词.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 可数名词与不行数名词名词是 表示人或物的名称的词,可分为 一般名词 和专出名词 两大类； 一般名词由表示某一类人或物的个体的个体名词、表示由如干个体组成的集合体的集体名词、表示无法分为个体的实物的物质名词、以及表示性质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的抽象名词组成；专出名词就是个人、地方、机构、组织等所专有的名称；1.1 可数名词与不行数名词Countable nouns and uncountable nouns 从词的形式来看, 英语名词分为可数名词与不行数名词；可数与不行数是英语名词的最基本类别； 一般说来, 个体名词是可数名词；集体名词就有

2、的可数,有的不行数；物质名词、 抽象名词和专出名词是不行数名词；1.1.1 可数名词与不行数名词 Countable nouns and uncountable nouns a. 可数名词有单、复数形式,单数形式要用 不用 a/ an ,但可用 the 或不用；例如：Tom is a little boy. There are 20 boys in our class. a/ an; 不行数名词没有复数形式,单数形式前Fish and poultry are usually not called meat. Ill pay for the meat. b. 名词的数影响句子中与之有关的谓语动词

3、、限定词等；例如：There are many/ some/ a lot of/ a few people in the park. There are not many/ any people in the park. There is much/ some/ a lot of/ a little/ a great deal of/ a fair amount of water. There is not much/ any water. c. 以下名词常用作不行数名词：accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, cash, cloth,

4、clothing, coal, equipment, fun, furniture, grass, harm, information, ink, knowledge, labour, laughter, leisure, luck, lightning, living, luggage, machinery, meat, money, news, paper, permission, popularity, progress, rice, scenery, soap, sugar, tea, traffic, travel, trouble, thunder, weather, work 等

5、；1.1.2 可数名词与不行数名词之间的相互转化Conversion of uncountable into countable and countable into uncountable 可数名词与不行数名词在肯定条件下可以相互转化；a. 物质名词一般是不行数的,但用来 表示详细、个别事物,或表示各种不同品种 时,通常是可数的 ,如 different coffees, various soaps；再看以下例子：Do you care for tea. Long-jing is a well-known tea. We were not allowed to buy wine at lun

6、ch time. I like wines. 名师归纳总结 b. 抽象名词一般是不行数的,但当它前后有修饰语表示 某一种 或某一方面 的抽象概念第 1 页,共 5 页时,其前可加a/ an ；例如：- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A good map would be a help. It was a relief to sit down. He had a good knowledge of mathematics. c. 某些物质名词或抽象名词用作复数时,词义往往起变化；例如：Light （光） travels faster than sound

7、. The lights （灯） are on. （体会） . He is a teacher of five years experience He is relating to us his experiences（经受） as an explorer. d. 有些集体名词, 如 audience, committee, class, couple, crew, family, team, government, jury, party, public 等,既可作单数,又可作复数；把集体视为一个整体时,用作单数；指该 例如：集体的各个成员时,用作复数；The audience is eno

8、rmous. The audience are enjoying every minute of the play. His family is small. My family are all doctors. 1.2 复数 Plural 1.2.1 英语名词的复数构成Formation of the plural of English nouns a. 英语可数名词的规章复数形式,是在词尾加-s；例如：desks, maps, lakes, workers, fields, days, miles, pages, horses b. 如词尾为 ch, sh, ss 或 x,在词尾加 -es

9、；例如：church churches, bushbushes, classclasses, boxboxesc. 如词尾为 -f 或-fe ,一般变为 -ves; 有的加 -s 即可；而有的就既可变为-ves ,又可只加 -s；例如：calf calves, halfhalves, knifeknives, leafleaves, lifelives, loafloaves, selfselves, shelfshelves,thiefthieves, wifewives, wolfwolves;beliefbeliefs, chief chiefs, roofroofs, safesafe

10、s,handkerchiefhandkerchiefs ；hoof hooves/ hoofs, scarfscarves/ scarfs,wharf wharves/ wharfsd. 如词尾为 -y,就变 y 为 i,再加 -es；例如：party parties, factoryfactories, familyfamiliese. 如词尾为 o,有的加 -es ；有的加 -s；有的就既可加-es ,又可只加 -s；例如：echoechoes, heroheroes, potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes;radio radios, pianopianos, pho

11、tophotos, zoozoos;buffalobuffaloes, cargocargoes, mosquitomosquitoes,volcano volcanoesf. 表示 字母、数字及其它词类的复数时,词尾常加 Her Js look like Ts. -s ,有时只加 -s；例如：Since the beginning of the 90s, the town has changed a lot. Dont interrupt me with your buts. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - g.

12、 一些不规章变化的名词复数形式：child children, footfeet, goosegeese, man men,mousemice, oxoxen, tooth teeth, woman women h. 有些以 -s 结尾的名词通常只有复数形式：scissors, goods, trousers, clothes, pants, spectacles;belongings, findings, savings, surroundings;contents, mumps, measles, stairs i. 有些集体名词用作复数：cattle, police, people, m

13、ilitia, poultry 1.2.2 源自希腊文或拉丁文的外来词 一些外来词有以下的复数变化形式：Words of Greek or Latin origin a. 词尾 -is 变成 -es: a nalysisanalyses, basis bases,crisiscrisesb. 词尾 -um 变成 -a: curriculum （课程） curricula, datum（资料,数据）data, medium （媒体） mediac. 词尾 -on 变成 -a: criterion （标准） criteria/ criterions , phenomenonphenomena d.

14、 词尾 -us 变成 -i: nucleus nuclei, stimulus e. 词尾 -a 变成 -ae: stimuli, syllabus（教学大纲） syllabiantenna （天线） antennae/ antennas,formula （准就,公式）formulaef. 词尾 -ix/ -ex 变成 -ices: appendix （附录） appendices, index（索引） indices/ indexes1.2.3 具有两种不同意义的复数形式 Two forms of the plural with differentiated meaning 有些名词的复数具

15、有两种不同意思,一个与单数的意思相同,另一个就为别的意思；例如：arms 手臂（复数）；武器 customs 习惯（复数）；关税 minutes 分钟（复数）；记录1.2.4 单数形式 Singular form a. 有的名词单复数同形：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, means, series, species（元）等汉语译名；例如：one sheep/ two sheep b. 有些以 -s 结尾的学科名词或国名,作单数用：,以及 jin斤）、 li（里）、 yuanphonetics （语音学）, physics ,optics （光学）, politi

16、cs; the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands 等；c. 有些和数词连用的名词,表示复数时仍保持单数形式：a ten-pound baby, a twelve-foot pole, two dozen eggs, three million dollars 1.2.5 复合名词 Compound nouns a. 句法复合名词的复数形式：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1）词尾加 -s: bedrooms, bookcases 2）前后两个名词均

17、需变为复数：manservant menservants, womandoctor women doctors3）少数复合名词可在第一或其次个词后加-s: attorney generalattorneys general/ attorney generals 4）名词后加 -s: looker- onlookers -on, son-in- law sons -in-law 5）词尾加 -s: grown- upgrown -ups,sit- in sit-ins 6）动词 -ing 形式后加 -s: coming- in comings-in b. 衔头、称谓的复数形式：the two B

18、rowns, Drs.William and Henry Brown 1.3 单位名词 Unit nouns 单位名词用来 表示不行数名词的个体性,即使之能以个数运算；也能与可数名词搭配表示一双 ,一群 等意义 ；除了搭配才能很强的 以及表示成双、成群的单位名词；例如：piece 和 bit 以外,仍有表示外形、容积、重量a piece/ bit of advice/ bread/ information/ news；a bar of chocolate/ a cake of soap/ a loaf of bread/ a pack of cigarettesa bag of flour/

19、a basket of fruit/ a pound of butter/ a yard of fabric等；a couple of players/ a flock of birds/ a pair of shoes/ a swarm of bees1.4 名词属格 Genitive nouns 英语名词有两种属格：-s 属格和 of-属格；例如：What is the schools name. What is the name of the school. 1.4.1 -s 属格和 of- 属格 -s genitive and of genitive a. 两种属格表示的意义 1）全部

20、关系：Mr Browns suitcase 相当于 Mr Brown has a suitcase. the trunk of an elephant 相当于 An elephant has a trunk. 2）主谓关系：Dr Smiths answer 相当于 Dr Smith answered- 相当于 The buyers claimed- the claim of the buyers 3）动宾关系：the boys punishment 相当于 - punished the boy. the occupation of the Island 4）事物的来源：相当于 - occupi

21、ed the island. the girls story 相当于 a story told by the girl the laws of Newton 相当于 the laws advanced by Newton 5）事物的类别：名师归纳总结 a doctors degree 相当于 a doctoral degree 第 4 页,共 5 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - womens magazines 相当于 magazines for women 6）同位关系：the city of New York 相当于 New York is a

22、 city. the pleasure of meeting you 7）其它：相当于 Meeting you is a pleasure. 10 days absence/ an absence of 10 days 相当于 The absence lasted 10 days. parts of the problem 相当于 The problem is divisible into parts. b. -s 属格的使用：1）主要用于表示有生命的名词,如 womens clothes, the horses mouth 等；2）用于国家机关、社团及一些地理名称,如 the governm

23、ents plan, Europes future 等；3）用于交通工具等,如 the ships bell, the cars engine 等；4）用于表示时间、 距离、价值和重量的名词, 如 a moments thought, seven hours walk, six dollars worth, two tons weight等；等；5）常用于一些习惯用语中,如in my minds eye, in lifes strugglec. of- 属格的使用：主要用于表示无生命的名词,如 the events of the decade, the door of the hut等；d.

24、-s 属格的省略：-s 属格后的名词有以下情形可以省略：1）被修饰名词在句中已显现过,例如：His car is faster than his fathers car. 2）被修饰名词表示某人的家,例如：The doctors house is on the other side of the street. 3）被修饰名词表示教堂、学校等公共建筑物,例如：Joe lives near St. Pauls Cathedral in London. 4）被修饰名词 表示某家店铺 ,例如：Pickled vegetables are available at the grocers. 1.4.2

25、 双重属格 Double genitive 兼有两种属格结构的后置修饰语叫做双重属格；a. 双重属格用来表示的全部关系是人,不是物；例如：a/ any friend of mine =one/ any of my friends； some daughters of Mrs Greens=some of Mrs Greens daughters；two novels of Dickens =two of Dickens novels 上面的例子说明,双重属格可用 a, any, some 及数词等修饰 of 短语前面的名词,但不能用 the ,如不能说 the daughters of Mrs Greens；b. 双重属格仍常用 this ,that ,these 和 those 修饰 of 短语前面的名词, 以表示爱憎褒贬等情感；例如：this idea of yours that remark of Davids these shoes of my sisters those dirty hands of Peters 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 5 页