2022年高中英语语法最重要知识汇总.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人整理 切勿外传按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分,保留了最最核心的 句型和动词； 期望能有所帮忙；第一章 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句；名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组 , 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此依据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；一主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾；1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要

2、是为了平稳句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化；而 it 引导的强调句就是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词 who/whom ；例如：that；被强调部分指人时也可用a It is a pity that you didn t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真惋惜；b It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感爱好；c It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的； （强调句型）d It is Joh

3、n that broke the window. 是 John 打碎的窗户； （强调句型）2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构1 It is 名词 从句It is a fact that ; It is an honor that ; It is common knowledge that 2 It is 形容词 从句It is natural that It is strange that3 It is 不及物动词 从句It seems thatIt happened thatIt appears that4 It 过去分词 从句It is reported that It has been p

4、roved thatIt is said that 3. 主语从句不行位于句首的五种情形：（1） if 引导的主语从句不行居于复合句句首；（2） It is said /reported 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：正确表达： It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达： That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3） It happens/occurs 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：正确表达： It occu

5、rred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达： That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4） It doesn t matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不行提前；例如：正确表达： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达： Whether he is wrong or not doesn t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不行提前；例如：正确表达： Is it like

6、ly that it will rain in the evening. 错误表达： Is that will rain in the evening likely. 4. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区分what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语宾语表语,而 that 就不然；例如：a What you said yesterday is right. b That she is still alive is a consolation 二宾语从句宾语从句就是 在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词及物动词 或介词之后；第 1 页 共 31 页名师归

7、纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人整理 切勿外传1. 作动词的宾语1 由 that 引导的宾语从句 that 通常可以省略 , 例如：I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了；2 由 what, whether if 引导的宾语从句,例如：a She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么；b I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记；3 动词间

8、接宾语宾语从句；例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语,例如：她对我说她会接受我的邀请；Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作；3. 作形容词的宾语,例如：I am afraid that I ve made a mistake.我唯恐我已经犯了一个错误；留意：that 引导的从句常跟在以下形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, con

9、vinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等；也可以将此类词后的 that 从句的看作缘由状语从句；4. it 可以作为形式宾语it 不仅可以作为形式主语,仍可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句就放在句尾, 特殊是在带复合宾语的句子中；例如：We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结

10、婚了；5.* 后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词这类动词有 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等；这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不行以用 正确表达： I admire their winning the match. 错误表达： I admire that they won the match. 6.* 不行用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词that 引导的宾语从句；如：有些动词不行用于“ 动词间接宾语that 从

11、句“ 结构中,常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate 等；例如：正确表达： He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达： He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. 7. 否定的转移 如主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine 等,其后的宾语从

12、句如含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用确定式；例如：I dont think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿；三. 表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“ 主语连系动词表语从句”；可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等；引导表语从句的 that 常可省略；另外,常用的仍 和 It is because 等结构；例如：有 the reason is that1 The question is whether we can make good prepar

13、ation in such a short time. 2 This is why we cant get the support of the people.3 But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4 The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四. 同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句；1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步说明,说明名词的详细内容,一般由 第 2 页 共 31 页that

14、引导,例如：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人整理 切勿外传1 The king decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2 The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开；例如：He got the news from

15、Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区分1 定语从句中的that 既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语）,而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分；2 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特点；同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明；例如：1 The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. （他告知我的消息是汤姆明年将出国；）（第一个 that

16、 引导的从句是定语从句,that 在从句中作宾语）2The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. （汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的；）（同位语从句, that 在句中不作任何成分）其次章 定语从句定语从句 在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子；被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词；定语从句通常显现在 副词）引出；关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which, as ；关系副词有： when, where, why, how ；先行词 之后,由 关系词 （关系代词或关系关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和

17、定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分；当关系代词 做宾语时 可以省略；定语从句中的 谓语动词必需在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一样；定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句；1、关系代词引导的定语从句 1 who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you.（who/that 在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. （whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2 whose 用来指人或物, （只用作定语,

18、如指物,它仍可以同 Please pass me the book whose of which cover is green.of which 互换）,例如：3 which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. （ which / that 在句中作宾语）The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped

19、. which / that 在句中作宾语 关系代词 that 和 which 都可以指物, that 和 Who 都可以指人,其用法区分： 1不用 that 的情形：a 在引导非限定性定语从句时 错The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b 介词后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food. c 多用 who 的情形 关系代词在从句中做主语A friend who helps you in time of need is a real frien

20、d. 先行词为 those, people 时第 3 页 共 31 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人整理 切勿外传Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth. 先行词为 all, anyone, ones, one 指人时One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work. 在 There be 句型中There is a strang

21、er who wants to see you. 在被分隔的定语从句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用 一个必需重复前一个关系代词；who,其二用 that,但如先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard. There is a teacher who is always ready

22、to help others and who enjoys what he does. 2 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情形a在不定代词,如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little 等作先行词时,只用that,不用which ；All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.b先行词有 the only, the very, the j

23、ust 修饰时,只用 that；He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water. c先行词为序数词the last、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that；The first English book that I read was The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twin. d先行词既有人,又有物时；He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited. e当主句是以who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时,用that 以防止重复；W

24、ho is the person that is standing at the gate. f关系代词在从句中做表语 He is not the man that he used to be. 2 、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词,在从句中作状语；关系副词 when, where, why, how 的含义相当于 介词 + which 结构,因此常常和 介词 + which 结构交替使用,例如：There are occasions when on which one must yield.Beijing is the place where i

25、n which I was born.Is this the reason why for which he refused our offer.Im surprised the way how by which he works out the problem. 留意：在非限制性定语从句中,介词 + which 结构不能代替关系副词；如： They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. 含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开,介词仍放在动词后面；Is this the bo

26、ok which that she was looking for. 3、名词 /数词 /代词/形容词最高级+ 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten. There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard. There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia. 4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句

27、的差别由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和 which 可代整个主句,相当于and this 或 and that；As 一般放在句首, which 在句中；第 4 页 共 31 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人整理 切勿外传As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有“ 正如” 的意思；As is

28、know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 用法区分：1 as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which 不行；As we all know, he never smokes. 2 as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必需是系动词；如为行为动词,就从句中 的关系代词只能用 which ；3非限定性定语从句中显现 expect, think, suppose 等表示推测、想象、预料等时；She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected. 4As 的用法the sam

29、eas; such as 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和 一样 ；I should like to use the same tool as is used here. We should have such a dictionary as he is using. 第三章 状语从句状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子；通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当；例如：1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . 副词 2. We worked hard , from sunrise to s

30、unset . 介词状短语 3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . 不定式 4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . 过去分词 5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before . （缘由状语从句）状语的位置比较敏捷,可以位于句首、句末或句中；enough 用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必需后置；状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语

31、；一般可分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、缘由、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式；尽管种类较多,但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相像,所以懂得和把握它并 不难；状语从句的关键是要把握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点；现分别列举如下 : 1 时间状语从句 常用引导词： when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词： the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the daysooner than, hardly when,

32、scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV , his wife was cooking. , the instant, immediately , directly, no The children ran away from the orchard 果园 the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. Eve

33、ry time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2 地点状语从句 常用引导词： where 特殊引导词： wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 3 缘由状语从句 常用引导词： because, since, as, since 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, c

34、onsidering that, given that, considering that, 第 5 页 共 31 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - My friends dislike me because I个人整理切勿外传m handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage peopl

35、e from trying to earn more. Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable. 4 目的状语从句 常用引导词： so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that ,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the

36、 letters so that he could sign them. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5 结果状语从句 常用引导词： so that, so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first

37、bus. It s such a good chance that we must not miss it.t sleep last night.To such an degree was he excited that he couldn6 条件状语从句 常用引导词： if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees.You

38、will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7 让步状语从句 常用引导词： though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词： as用在让步状语从句中必需要倒装,while 一般用在句首 ,no matter , in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever

39、, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 尽管我很敬重他,我却不同意他的建议；The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He won t listen whatever you may say.8 比较状语从句常用引导词： as同级比较 , than不同程度的比较 more t

40、han; not A 特殊引导词： the more the more ; just as ,so ; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no so much as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人,如同油之于机器；9 方式状语从句 常用引导词： as,

41、as if, how the way 特殊引导词：When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 10. 状语从句的简化 状语从句的省略第 6 页 共 31 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 31 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 个人整理切勿外传it ；从句主要动词是be 的某状语从句同时具备以下两个条件:主句和从句的主语一

42、样,或从句主语为种形式；从句中的主语和be 动词常可省略；例如：When the museum is completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if it is possible.另外,比较状语从句常常省略；例如：I m taller than he is tall . The higher the temperature is, the greater the pressure is . 就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将

43、状语从句进行简化 ；状语从句的 简化 现象在口语中较为普遍 ,而且在高考中的复现率也较高；因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的明白；状语从句的 简化 现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中 :由 if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句 ;由 although, though, even if / though 等引导的让步状语从句 ;由 when, while, as, before, after, until / till 等引导的时间状语从句 ;由 as, as if 等引导的方式状语从句 一归纳；;由 as, than 等引导的比较状语从句；下面针对这五种情形作1当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动

44、词是be 时,it 和 be 要完全简化掉；例如: If it is possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.假如可能的话 ,他会帮你摆脱困境；You must attend the meeting unless it is inconvenient to you.除非情形对你来说不便利,否就你必需出席这次会议；2当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一样时,从句可以将主语和be 动词简化掉；常用于以下几种情形: a.连词 +形容词 As he was young, he learned how to ride a bike. 他小时候就学会了骑

45、自行车；Whenever she is free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店；Work hard when you are young, or youll regret. 少壮不努力 ,老大徒伤悲；b.连词 +名词While he was a young boy, he was always ready to help others. 他在孩提时代就乐于助人；Although he was a farmer, now he is a famous director. 尽管他曾是个农夫 c.连词 +现在分词,而现在是位闻名的导演了；As she was walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song. 她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲；Although he is doing h