2022年初高中重点语法知识总结.docx

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1、精品_精品资料_主谓一样主谓一样指谓语动词必需在人称与数的方面与主语保持一样.主谓人称一样的问题比较简单,由于除动词 be 和 have 有不同的人称变化外, 其他动词只有单数第三人称一般现在时加词尾 -s 或-es.至于谓语与主语数的一样问题,就比较复杂,本章主要争论谓语与主语数的一样问题.二、主谓一样的三个原就1. 语法一样 原就该原就要求谓语动词必需与主语在语法形式上保持一样,即主语是单数形式, 动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,动词用复数形式：Both my parents are doctors.我的父母都是医生.Her job is teaching French.他的工作是教法语.

2、2. 意义一样 原就有时候谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概论,而不是其语法形式：This news is important for us.这条消息对我们很重要.Watch out. The police are coming.当心,警察来了.3. 就近原就有时,谓语动词的的数打算于主语中最靠近它的词语：Either you or I am wrong.不是你错了就是我错了.Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it.老师和同学对此都不感爱好.三、以集合名词做主语的主谓一样问题1. 通常用作复数的集合名词police 警察

3、, people人, cattle牛,牲口 等集合名词,总是表示复数意义,用作主语时, 其谓语要用复数：The police were after him.察正在追捕他.People are beginning to talk about her.人们开头谈论她.Cattle feed on grass. 牛吃草.注： goods货物 , clothes衣服 只有复数形式,且只表示复数意义：Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很廉价.All the goods have been sent to them.全部的货物都给他们送去了.2. 只用作单数的不行数集合名

4、词clothing 衣服 , poetry 诗歌 , baggage / luggage行李 , furniture 家具, machinery 机械 , scenery景色 ,jewellery 珠宝 ,equipment 设备 等集合名词通常只用作不行数名词,表示单数意义,用作主语时,其后谓语动词用单数形式：Our clothing protects us from against the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒.All their baggage was stolen.他们全部的行李都被偷了.The furniture is convenient to move.这家具搬起来很便利

5、.All the machinery in the factory is made in China.这个工厂全部的机器都是中国产的.3. 既可表示单数意义也可表示复数意义的集合名词family 家庭,team队,队员 ,class班,班上的全体同学 ,crowd 人群,government 政府 , crew 乘务员 ,committee 委员会 ,audience听众 ,public 公众 等集合名词,当它们表示整体意义时,表单数意义,当它们强调个体意义时,表示复数意义：Her family is a large one.她的家庭是一个大家庭.Her family are all tall

6、.她的一家人都很高.The team is the best in the league. 这个队在联赛中打得最好.The football team are having baths.足球队队员们在洗澡.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_It was late, but the audience was increasing.时间很迟了,但听众人数却在增加.The audience were all moved to tears.听众都感动得流了泪.四、并列结构作主语的主谓一样问题1. 由 and 和 both.and 连接的并列主语 ,谓语动词通常用复数： Jim and M

7、ary are both interested in it.吉姆和玛丽都对此感爱好.Both brother and sister are college students.兄妹俩都是高校生.注： 1 当由 and 连接的两个并列主语受each, every, no 的修饰时,谓语用单数：Every boy and every girl likes the book.每个男孩女孩都喜爱这本书.No desk and no chair was seen in the room.房间里不见桌椅.(2) 当 and 连接两个数相加时,谓语动词可用单数或复数：加法和乘法可单可复, 减法和除法用单数 S

8、ix and eight makes make fourteen.六加八等于十四.(3) 当 and 连接的两个的词语指同一个人或事物时,谓语通常要用单数： A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处观察一辆 马车 .A cart and a horse was seen in the distance.远处观察一辆车和一匹马.2. 由 or, nor, either.or, neither nor, not only but also, not but 等连接的并列主语谓语动词通常与最靠近的主语保持一样即遵循 就近原就 ：He or I am

9、wrong.不是他错了,就是我错了.Either you or he has taken it.不是你拿了就是他拿了.Not only the children but also the mother wants to go.不仅孩子们想去,母亲也想去.Neither his father nor his mother have has come.他的爸爸和妈妈都没来.3. 由 as well as, as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等连接的并连主语谓语动词通常与前面一个主语保持一样：就前原就The teacher as we

10、ll as the students has read it 不仅同学读过它,老师也读过.The teacher rather than the students is to blame. 应受批评的是老师而不是同学.五、数量概念作主语时的主语一样问题1. 表时间长度、钱数、速度等的词组作主语通常将其视为整体,谓语用单数：Twenty years is a long time. 20 年是很长的时间.Ten dollars is all I have left.我只剩下 10 美元.2. 分数 百分数 作主语“分数 百分数 +of+ 名词”结构作主语时,谓语动词的数与其中名词的数保持一样： A

11、bout 30 percent of the pupils were absent that day.那天大约有 30%的同学迟到.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea.的球表面的四分之三是海.注：在现代英语中, 有时即使该结构中的名词为复数,其谓语也可用单数即将其视为整体 ：Over sixty per cent of families own owns a television.百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机.3. “ one in out of+复数名词 ”作主语谓语动词通常用 单数：Only one i

12、n ten students has passed the examination. 只有特别之一的同学通过了考试.One out of twelve bottles was broken.每 12 个瓶子中有一个破了.5. “ all of some of, none of, half of, most of, lots of, plenty of+名词”作主语谓语动词的数与其中 名词的数保持一样 ：Most of the people are against the plan.大多数人反对这个方案.Most of the Earth s surface is covered by wate

13、r. 的球的大部分的区被水掩盖.Half of the apple is bad.这个苹果有一半是坏的.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Half of the apples are bad.这些苹果当中有一半是坏的.6. “ the a number of+名词”作主语该结构如用定冠词the,其后谓语用单数.如用不定冠词a,其后谓语用复数： The number of students is 4000.同学人数为 4000.A number of people were absent from the meeting.很多人开会缺席.留意类似结构：The variety of

14、goods in this shop is rich.这家商店的品种丰富. A variety of books have been published.已出版了各种各样的书.六、某些不定代词作主语时的主谓一样问题1. Someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing 等复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词用单数：Someone is asking to see you. 有人找你.Nobody is to blame for it.这谁也不怨.No one wants to read such books. 没有想看那样的书.2. all

15、作主语如指人,谓语通常用复数.如指事物或现象,谓语通常用单数：All have gone home.大家都走了.All that glitters is not gold.发亮的不肯定都是金子.比较： All is silent.万籁俱寂. 指现象 All are silent.人人都缄默不语.指详细的人 注：如是“ all of+ 名词”作主语,就谓语动词与其中名词的数保持一样.3. either 和 neither 作主语如是单独作主语,谓语动词用单数：Neither was satisfactory.两个都不令人中意.The two guests have arrived, and ei

16、ther is welcome.两位客人都到了,哪一位都受欢迎.注：如是“ either neither of+ 名词”作主语, 就其后的谓语动词可用单数正式文体 或复数 非正式文体 ：Neither of the two computers is are cheap.这两台电脑都不廉价.Is Are either of the boys ready.两个男孩都预备好了吗？I don t think either of them is are at home.我想他们俩个都会不在家.4. each 作主语或修饰主语单独用作主语 或修饰主语 ,谓语用单数Each student has his

17、own desk. 每个同学都有自己的课桌.Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 两个男孩进来,每人提着一只箱子.2 “ each of复数名词或代词”用作主语 , 谓语一般要用单数Each of them was deeply frightened.他们个个都惊恐万分.5. none of 作主语,谓语一般用单数None of the money is mine.这笔钱没有一点是我的.None of the boys likes it.这些男孩子谁也不喜爱它.6. 关于“ one of+ 复数名词 +定语从句”在这一结构中,定语从句的

18、谓语用复数取决于先行词是 one 仍是其后的复数名词. 一般说来,在这类结构中, 复数名词通常被认为是先行词, 除非 one of 前有 the only 修饰此时定语从句的谓语用单数 ：He is one of the people who were killed in the accident.他是事故中丧命的人之一.He is the only one ofthe people who was killed in the accident.他是事故中唯独丧命的人.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_七、其他问题1. “ many a + 名词”和“ more than one

19、 + 名词”作主语,谓语动词的数通常用单数即遵循语法一样的原就 ：Many a child was playing there.很多小孩在那儿玩.More than one student has failed the exam.不止一个同学考试未及格.2. each 用于复数名词后作同位语此时谓语动词用复数：They each have an English-Chinese dictionary.他们每人都有一本英汉词典.The young people each carry a big bag.这些年轻人个个背着一个大袋子.3. 主语后接 in addition to, with, alo

20、ng with, together with, except, but等介词其后的动词形式取决介词前主语：就前原就Nothing but trees was to be seen. 除了树木之外什么也看不见.No one except my parents knows anything about this.除我父母之外没有知道此事.Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film.吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影.八、重点考点精练1. The boys and the girls eachto do something different,

21、 whichthe teacher uneasy.A. want, makeB. wants, makesC. want, makesD. wants, make2. More than one studentread the novels, whichwritten by David.A. has, wasB. have, wereC. has, wereD. have, was3. In fact,one cause that leads to the problem.A. cattle isB. cattle areC. cattles areD. the cattles are4. T

22、heso much alike that I can t tell which is which.A. twin looksB. twins lookC. twin lookD. twins looks5. Mr Smith has bought a little house in the country, aroundsome green trees.A. which isB. it isC. which areD. them are6. Every boy and girlthe book and they eachto buy one.A. like, wantB. likes, wan

23、tsC. likes, wantD. like, wants7. Nobody but Betty and Marylate for class yesterday.A. wasB. wereC. has beenD. have been8. The teacher as well as the studentsthe book already. They know it well.A. has readB. have readC. are readingD. is reading9. The city is not very big. One or two daysenough to see

24、 it.A. isB. areC. amD. be10. Not the teacher, but the studentslooking forwardthe film.A. is, to seeB. are, to seeC. is to seeingD. are, to seeing参考答案： 1 5 CABBC6 10 CAAAD名词性从句一、主语从句1. 主语从句的引导词主语从句通常由连词that 和 whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what 引导：That he is still alive is a wonder.他仍活着,真是奇迹.When we arrive

25、doesn t matter. 什么时候到没有关系. What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱.What I want to know is this.我想知道的就是这一点.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们仍是一个问题.2. 主语从句与形式主语it有时为了考虑句子平稳, 通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it,而将真正的主语从句移至句末.这分三种情形：(1) 对于以连词 that 引导的主语从句,通常用形式主语代主语从句：It s a pity that he

26、 didn t come. 很遗憾他没来.(2) 对于以连接代词 副词 引导的主语从句,可以使用形式主语代主语从句,也可直接在句首使用主语从句：Whether they would support us was a problem.他们是否会支持我们仍是一个问题.It was a problem whether they would support us.他们是否会支持我们仍是一个问题.(3) 对关系代词型what 引导的主语从句,通常不用形式主语,总是主语从句放在句首：What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱.What I want to know is this.我想知

27、道的就是这一点.(4) 假如句子是疑问句,就必需用带形式主语it 的结构：Is it true that he is the girl s father. 他是那女孩的父亲,是真的吗？How is it that you are late again.你怎么又迟到了？3. 连词 that 的省略问题引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省,有时不能省,其原就是：如that 引导的主语从句直接位于句首, 就 that 不能省略. 如 that 引导的主语从句位于句末,而在句首使用了形式主语it , 就 that 就可以省略：That you didn t go to the talk was a p

28、ity.很遗憾你没去听报告.that 不行省 It was a pity that you didn t go to the talk.很遗憾你没去听报告. that 可省 二、宾语从句1. 宾语从句的引导词宾语从句通常由连词that 和 whether if 、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what 引导：We believe that he is honest. 我们信任他是诚恳的.I don t know whether he ll arrive in time.我不知道他是否能准时到.I don t know who m you mean.我不知道你指谁.He asked why h

29、e had to go alone. 他问他为什么必需一个人去.Please tell me which you like.告知我你喜爱哪一个.She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了.注：有时介词后可接跟一个宾语从句但介词后通常不接that 和 if 引导的宾语从句 ： From what you say, he is right.依据你所说的,他是对的.有极个别介词 如 but, except 可接 that 引导的宾语从句：She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black.她对

30、他什么都不记得,只记得他的头发是黑的.2. 宾语从句与形式宾语it当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时,通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it ,而将真正的宾语从句移至句末：I think it best that you should stay here.我认为你最好住这儿.He hasnt made it known when he is going to get married.他仍没宣布他何时结婚.3. 连词 that 的省略问题引导宾语从句的连词that 通常可以省略：She said that she would come to the meeting.她说过要来开会的.可编辑资料 - - -

31、欢迎下载精品_精品资料_I promise you thatI will be there.我答应你我会去.注：有时为了强调, that 引导的宾语从句可位于句首,此时that 不行省略：That she is a good girl I know.她是一个好姑娘,我是知道的.4. 宾语从句与 否定转移当动词 think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时,其否定通常转移到主语：I don t suppose that it is true. 我认为那不是真的. I don t imagine that he will come

32、.我想他不会来的.四、表语从句1. 表语从句的引导词引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether,连接代词和连接副词,关系代词型what,以及 as if, as though, because等连词：The fact is that he doesnt really try.事实是他没有做真正的努力.The question is whether the film is worth seeing.问题是这部电影是否值得看.The problem is how we can find him.问题是我们如何找到他.That was when I was fifteen.这是我 15 岁时发

33、生的事.It isn t as if you were going away for ever.义不是你离开不回来了.It is because I love you too much.那是由于我太爱你了.注： whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if 却通常不用于引导表语从句.because 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的since, as, for 等也不用于引导表语从句.五、同位语从句1. 同位语从句的引导词引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that,whether,连接代词和连接副词等： We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说

34、我们队赢了.They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他们为你生病发愁.I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他什么时候回来.There is some doubt whether he will come.他是否会来仍不肯定.The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.这个是对仍是错要看结果.注： whether可引导同位语从句,但if 不能引导同位语从句2. 同位语从句与定语从句的区分：(1) 意义的不

35、同：同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的详细内容的,它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号. 而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的,它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区分开来：We are glad at the news that he will come.听到他要来这个消息我们很兴奋.news 的内容就是that he will come ,故 that 引导的是同位语从句 We are glad at the news that he told us.听到他告知我们的这个消息我们很兴奋.that 从句是限制 the news 的内容的,即我们兴奋只是由于他告知的这个news 而不是其他的 news,故

36、that 从句为定语从句 (2) 引导词的功能上的不同：that 引导同位语从句时,它不充当句子成分,而引导定语从句时,它作为关系代词, 要么充当定语从句的主语,要么充当定语从句的宾语.如上例that he told us 中的 that 就充当 told 的宾语.(3) 被修饰词语的区分：同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限,通常有hope, wish, idea, news,fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等,而定语从句所修饰的名词就特别广泛.另外,when 和 where 引导定语从句时,通常只修饰表示时间和的点的名词,而它们引导同位语从句时可

37、编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_却不肯定.又如 why 引导定语从句,它通常只修饰名词 the reason,而它引导同位语从句时就不肯定：I have no idea when they will come .我不知道他们什么时候来.同位语从句 Ill never forget the days when I lived there.我永久不会遗忘我住在那儿的日子.定语从句 We don t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我们不明白这个问题,为什么这 是最好的挑选. 同位语从句 The reason why

38、 he didn t come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能来开会, 缘由是他生病了.定语从句 六、名词性从句中两个易错问题1. 词序问题名词性从句总是用陈述句词序,就不能使用疑问句词序,特别是当名词性从句由“疑问词” 引导时,不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序：误： I didn t know where did he live.正： I didn t know where he lived.我不知道他住哪儿.误： Who will he marry remains unknown.正： Who he will marry remains unkn

39、own.他同谁结婚仍不知道.2. 时态问题由于由 when 引导的时间状语从句和以if 引导的条件状语从句要用现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态,所以很多同学简洁受此影响在when 和 if 引导名词性从句时也用现在时表示将来意义.请看几题：(1) I don t know if heor not tomorrow.A. comeB. comesC. will comeD. is coming此题答案选 C,句中 if 引导的不是条件状语从句if 假如 ,而是宾语从句 if 是否 ,句意为“我不知道明天他是否会来. ”(2) I don t know if she, but if sh

40、eI will let you know.A. comes, comesB. will come, will comeC. comes, will comeD. will come, comes答案选 D,第一个 if引导的是宾语从句,其次个if引导的是条件状语从句.(3) “ When heis not known yet.” “ But when he, he will be warmly welcomed.”A. comes, comesB. will come, will comeC. comes, will comeD. will come, comes答案 D,第一个 when 引

41、导的是主语从句,其次个when 引导的是时间状语从句.另外, 当主句为过去时态时,宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态与之呼应表客观真理时除外： The teacher told us that he knew everything.老师告知我们他知道一切.The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.老师告知我们光比声音传播得快七、几组引导词的辨析1. what与 that 的用法区分（ what = all that）两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句,区分是what 可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语,意为“什么”或“所的” ,而

42、that 仅起连接作用,本身没有实际意义,在从句中也不充当任何句子成分 引导宾语从句时通常可以省略：He doesnt know what she likes.他不知道她喜爱什么.What you say is quite right.你所说的相当正确.I believe that he will come to see us.我信任他会来看我们的.It s a pity thathe didn t finish college.真遗憾他高校没毕业.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_另外, that 可引导同位语从句,但what 通常不用于引导同位语从句.如：I had no i

43、dea that you were here.我不知道你在这儿.2. whether 与 if 的用法区分两者的用法异同留意以下几点：(1) 两者均可引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,常可互换：He asked if whether we wanted a drink.他问我们是否想喝一杯. He didn t tell me if whether he would come.他没有告知我他是否会来注：如是引导条件状语从句,就只能用if 意为“假如” .(2) 当引导一个否定的宾语从句时,通常用if而不用 whether： I don t care if it doesn t rain. 我不在乎天

44、是否下雨.注：在个别词语 如 wonder, not sure 等后的从句否定式有时也可用whether 引导：I wonder if whether he isn t mistaken.我想知道他是否错了.(3) 在以下两种情形引导宾语从句,要用whether 而不用if ： 引导宾语从句且置于句首时：Whether he has left, I can t say. 他是否走了,我说不定. 引导主语从句且放在句首时：Whether he will come is still a question.他是否会来仍是个问题.注：如在句首使用形式主语it,而将主语从句放在句末,就有时也可用if来引

45、导：It was not known whether if he would come.不知他是否会来. 引导表语从句时：The question is whether we should go on with the work.问题是我们是否应连续进行这项工作.注：在很不正式的场合if 有时也用于引导表语从句,但远不如用whether 常见. 引导让步状语从句时：Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that.不管他同意与否,我都要那样做. 引导同位语从句时：The question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它仍没有考虑. 用于不定式之前时：I m not sure whether to stay or leave.我不知是留仍是去.I didn t know whether to laugh or to cry.我真是哭笑不得. 用于介词之后时：It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.这取决于信是否来得准时.I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担忧是否伤了她的感情. 直接与 or not 连用时：I will wri