2022年词汇学课本练习答案 .docx

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1、精品_精品资料_Unit 12. How did the Norman Conquest and the Renaissance influence the English vocabulary .The transitional period转型时期 from Old English to ModernEnglish is known as Middle EnglishME 1100-1500, which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Fre

2、nch was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced English in daily life.The English language from 1500 to the present is called ModernEnglish. In the early stage of this period the Renaissance文艺复兴 brought great change to the vocabulary. Therenewed复兴的study o

3、f Greek in the Renaissance not only led to the borrowing of Greek words indirectly through the medium 媒介 of Latin, but also led to the introduction of some Greek words directly intoEnglish vocabulary. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,page 453. Enumerate the cause

4、s for the rapid growth ofneologisms新词, 旧词新意, 新词的制造者 /使用者 after World War . Give fourexamples for each cause.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_ marked progress of science and technology. Example: tbolast off 炸掉,炸毁 ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad socio-economic 社会经济, political and cultural changes. Example

5、:roller-hockey ,surfriding ,skydiving 跳伞运动 ,disignated hitter the influence from other cultures and languages page67Example:cosmonaut ,discotheque小舞厅,迪斯科舞厅 ,ombudsman 调查官员舞弊情形的政府官员 , apartheid 种族隔离 .4. What are the fundamental features of the basiwc ord stock 词库 of the English vocabulary .(1). Natio

6、nalcharacter 全民通用性 ：Words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). Stability 稳固性 :As words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. However, a certain number of Old English words have dropp

7、ed out of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). Word-forming ability构词：Basic words are very active in formingnew words.(4). Abilityto form collocations 搭配才能： Basic words combine readily with other words to form habi

8、tual expressions and phrases.Since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_naturallytheones used most frequentlyineveryday speech and writing.Page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and Page 11 paragraph 25. What are the characteristics of the English voca

9、bulary as a result of its historical development .The historical development of English language shows that English is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language,especially from Latin, French and Greek.page 18.6. Why do we say that native words are the core of the Englis

10、h vocabulary.First, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. And the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs. Second, they make up the most familiar, most useful part of the English vocabulary.

11、So we say that native words are the core of the English vocabulary for its importance.Page 10 paragraph 2, andPage 19paragraph 27. What do we mean by literary and common words .(1) Common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The grea

12、t可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_majority of English words are common words . The core of thecommon words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically在文体上 neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal andinformal writing and speech. Page 11 paragraph 6(2) Literary words are chiefly used in writ

13、ing, especially in books written in a more elevated上升的,提高的,崇高的style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.Page 12 paragraph 1Chapter 2 Q1:Explain the following terms and provide example:a. Morphemic 形位b. Allomorph 形位变体c. free and b

14、ound morphemicd. hybrid 混合词Morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. Example: nation page21 ,paragraph2, line 1Allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Example: books, pigs

15、. page22 , paragraph可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_3, line 4Free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. Example: man,read, faith page23 , paragraph2, line 1 To2 Bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance表达 ; itmust appear withat least one other morphemic. Example: unkin

16、d page23 , paragraph2, line4Hybrid: a word made up of elements form two or more different language. Example: goddess, rewrite. page27 , paragraph2, line 4Q2. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes. P26 页第 4 段开头P29 页第 4 自然段末尾Inflectional affixes 屈折词缀 are related to gra

17、mmar only. Derivationalaffixes派生词缀 are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes 前缀 and suffixes 后缀. are the building blocks with which words are formed.The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inf

18、lectional affixes.Q3:Inwhat two ways are derivational affixes 派生词缀 classified. p26Derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前缀 and suffixes 后缀.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Q4:How are words classified on the morphemic 语素的 level. P29 paragraph 5On the morphemic level, words can be classified into sim

19、ple, complex and compound words复合词 .Chapter III Explain1、 p32Word-formationrules: The rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words2、Root, stem and base. Analyzethe word denationalized into root, base and stem.Denationalized Root： nation ste

20、m： denationalize base： nationalized Compounding可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_1 、 Whataretherelativecriteriaofa compound.p35-p36 Orthographic criterion Phonological criterion Semantic criterion Derivation1、What is derivation.p42-p43Derivationisaword-formation process by which new words are created by addin

21、g a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word.2、What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation.Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. Prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generallyalter its word-class. Every prefix has a specific meaning of

22、its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_thebase.Suffixesfrequentlyalterthe word-class of the base. Therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suf

23、fixes, verb-forming suffixes, etcp663、How are the major living prefixes classified. Give a few examples to illustrate each kind. P44 Themajorlivingprefixesareclassified into the followingeight categories by their meaning :1) negative prefixes un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- .eg,unhappy,nonhero, injusti

24、ce ,disadvantage , atypical 2) reversative or privative prefixesun - , de-,dis- .eg,unwrap, decentralize ,disunite3) prejorative prefixes mis - , mal - , pseudo- .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultr

25、a - , mini-eg,archbishop , supercurrent可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_hyperactive, outlive , ultra-conservative5) prefixes of attitude co - , counter - , antic - , pro - eg, cooperation, anti-nuclear , pro-student , counterpart6) locative prefixes super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- eg. Subarctic , superacid, tr

26、anscode7) prefixes of time and order fore - ,pre - ,post - , ex - , re - forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi- / poly- multi-purpose, monocle , bi-media4 、 How can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denomina

27、l adjectives by suffixation.P50answer： 1deverbal noun suffixes:verb-noun suffixes , such as er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun noun suffixes , such as hood in boyhood , - ship in可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_scholarship , - let

28、 in booklet , and dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective verb suffixes , such as ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and en in quicken4) denominaladjectivesuffixes:nounadjective suffixes,such as fullinhelpful,-less inlimitless,-yinsilkyand ishin foolish.5、Give the meaning of the

29、 followingwords and analyze the structure of each word:P51 answer: 1 a driver means a person who drives2) alightermeans amachineusedfor lightering3) a gardener means a person who garden4) a New Yorker means a person from New York5) a villager means inhabitant of village6) a diner is a dining carriag

30、e on a train7) a liferis slang. A person sentenced to可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_imprisonment for life8) a dresser meansAnalyse : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of one who performs an action as for 4、5 , this affix may also be joined to the means of cities

31、 , countries , and to other place names . as for 6 、7、8 colloquial and slangy . Conversion1、what is the difference between conversion此类转化法 and suffixation 加后缀 . P55 介绍 conversion 的第一段 ： Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another wo

32、rd-class without the addition of an affix. It is alsocalled zero-derivation.e.g. bottle n. - bottle v. , buy v. -buy n., tutor n. - tutor v. 例子也可以举其他的如 attack可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_P49介 绍Suffixation的 第 一 段 ： Suffixation:Its the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the b

33、ase, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. + -ish - boyish adj.boy n.+hood - boyhood n.2、In a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word 派生词 .P56中间三个例子.The base is derivation by zero suffix.Spy a deverbal noun without suffix, m

34、eaning one who spies.The derived word is derivation by suffixWirter-adeverbal noun with-ersuffix , meaning one who writes3、Illustrate the axiom 原理 ,The actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use.P57最终一段Notice how the word-class of可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_round varies in acc

35、ordance with its use in the following sentence:i.e. The second roundn 回合was exciting.Any roundadj 圆的 plate will do.Some drivers roundv绕行coners too rapidly.The sound goes round and roundphrase. 旋转 The above examples tell us a very importantfact: because word order 词序 is more fixedin Modern English th

36、an ever before, the function shifts within sentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility可懂度, 可懂得性 .这一段可不要4、Why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion. 58 59 页FirstincontemporaryEnglish, there is a tendency of “a preponderance

37、 of nouns aver verb”.Second,thereareonlyafew可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_verb-forming affixes in English. They are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and en.5、What are the major semantic types under noun to verb conversion.a“ to put in/on N ”b“to give N, to provide N ”c“ to deprive of N; or to remove the object denote

38、d by the noun from something”d“To .with N ”e“ To be/ act asN with respect to” (1) verbs from human nouns 2verbs from animal nouns 3verbs from inanimate nounsf “ To make/change into N”g“To send/go by N ” 1mail2bicycleh“To spend the period of time denoted by N ”可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_6、Whyis the poor

39、an example of partial conversion.62 页 It is used as noun when preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun;i.e.Itdoes nottakepluraland genitive inflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.8 、 Pickouttheconvertedwo

40、rdsinthe sentences below and state1the word-class of the converted words and their meanings; 2to what word-class the base of each of the converted words belongs:1They are going to summer in Guilin.the converted word: summerv.the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 避暑.过夏天thebaseofthewordofthe word-

41、class belongs: summern.(2) Theyhurrahedhiswonderful可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_performance.the converted word: hurrahv. the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 欢呼,叫好,为喝彩thebaseofthewordoftheword-class belongs: hurrahn.(3) You have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/.the converted word: r

42、oundv.the word-class of it: conversionmeaning: 弄圆,使 成圆形thebaseofthewordofthe word-class belongs: roundn.(4) They are great sillies.the converted word:sillyn. the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 傻瓜thebaseofthewordoftheword-class belongs: sillyadj.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_(5) She dusted the furni

43、ture every morning.the converted word:dustv. the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 拂去灰尘thebaseofthewordoftheword-class belongs: dustn.(6) It is a good buy.the converted word:buyn.the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 购买,买卖.所购的物品thebaseofthewordoftheword-class belongs: buyv.Chapter41. Initial

44、ism:Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_phrase.an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronym:Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientif

45、ic term, etc.3. Blend:Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.4. Front and back clipping:The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word usually a noun, which is also available in its full form.Back clipping may occur at the end of the word. This isthe most common type of clipping.Front clipping occurs a