新编简明英语语言学教程ppt.pptx

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1、The Goals for this CourseTo get a scientific view on language;To understand some basic theories on linguistics;To understand the applications of the linguistic theories,especially in the fields of language teaching&learning(SLA or TEFL),cross-cultural communication;To prepare for the future research

2、 work.第1页/共278页The Requirements for this courseClassattendanceClassroomdiscussionFulfillmentoftheassignmentExamination第2页/共278页Reference Books戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。胡壮麟，(2001)，语言学教程，北京大学出版社。刘润清，(1995)，西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguagethesixthedition

3、,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.第3页/共278页Chapter 1.Introduction第4页/共278页1.What is language?第5页/共278页Language can meanwhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)thewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,Luxunslanguage)aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.languageforspec

4、ialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)theabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)thecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)asetofrules.(rule-governed)第6页/共278页Sapirs definition(19

5、21)“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”第7页/共278页Halls definition(1968)Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”第8页/共278页Chomsky

6、s definition(1957)“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”第9页/共278页Language can be generally defined asasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.第10页/共278页Language is a systemSystematic-rule-governe

7、d,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.第11页/共278页Language is arbitraryArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.第12页/共278页Language is symbolic in natureSymbolic-wordsareassoc

8、iatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-Shakespeare第13页/共278页Language is primarily vocalVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.第14页/共278页Language is human-specific Human-specific-differentfromthecommunicationsyst

9、emsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.第15页/共278页The design/defining features of human language(Charles Hockett)ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmission第16页/共278页Arbitrariness-Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.

10、Onomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang)Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy第17页/共278页Productivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunder

11、standandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible

12、.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesires第18页/共278页Duality(double articulation)Lowerlev

13、el-sounds(meaningless)Higherlevel-meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)Acommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearr

14、angedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.第19页/共278页Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Agibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheat

15、elastyearThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturn

16、ingtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.第20页/共278页Cultural transmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhichare

17、almostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.AChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Thestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbrough

18、tupinisolationsimplydoesnotacquirehumanlanguage.第21页/共278页Functions of language Phatic:establishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.Directive:getthehearertodosomething.Informative:giveinformationaboutfacts.Interrogative:getinformationfromothers.Expressive:expressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeake

19、r.Evocative:createcertainfeelingsinthehearer(amuse,startle,soothe,worryorplease)Performative:languageisusedtodothings,toperformactions.第22页/共278页The origin of language Thedivine-origintheory-LanguageisagiftofGodtomankind.Theinventiontheory-imitative,criesofnature,thegruntsofmenworkingtogether.Theevo

20、lutionarytheory-theresultofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopment.第23页/共278页许国璋先生认为把语言定义成交际工具不够科学,至少不够严谨.他对语言的定义做了如下概括:语言是一种符号系统.当它作用于人与人之间的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体.第24页/共278页2.What is linguistics?-Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.-Apersonwhostudieslingu

21、isticsisknownasalinguist.第25页/共278页Four principles of linguistic studiesExhaustiveness/adequacyConsistencyEconomyObjectivity第26页/共278页The scope or major branches of linguisticsTheoreticallinguistics1.Phonetics2.Phonology3.Morphology4.Syntax5.SemanticsUseoflinguistics1.Appliedlinguistics2.Sociolingui

22、stics3.Psycholinguistics第27页/共278页Theoretical linguisticsPhonetics-speechsound(description,classification,transcription):articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics.Phonology-soundpatternsoflanguagesMorphology-theformofwordsSyntax-therulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentence.Sema

23、ntics-themeaningoflanguage(whenthemeaningoflanguageisconductedinthecontextoflanguageuse-Pragmatics)第28页/共278页Use of linguisticsAppliedlinguistics-linguisticsandlanguageteachingSociolinguistics-socialfactors(e.g.class,education)affectlanguageusePsycholinguistics-linguisticbehaviorandpsychologicalproc

24、essStylistics-linguisticandliterature第29页/共278页Some other applications AnthropologicallinguisticsNeurolinguisticsComputationallinguistics(e.g.machinetranslation)第30页/共278页Some important distinctions in linguistics 第31页/共278页Descriptive vs prescriptiveDescriptive-describe/analyzelinguisticfactsobserv

25、edorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive-laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)第32页/共278页Synchronic vs diachronicSynchronicstudy-descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy-descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(histo

26、ricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)第33页/共278页Speech vs writingSpeech-primarymediumoflanguageWriting-laterdeveloped第34页/共278页Langue vs parole(F.de Saussure)Langue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.Parole-therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuretakesasociolog

27、icalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.第35页/共278页Competence and performance(Chomsky)Competence-theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance-theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimc

28、ompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.第36页/共278页Traditional grammar vs modern linguisticsTraditionalgrammar-prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframeworkModernlinguistics-descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframework第37页/共278页Chapter 2 Phonology Languageisprimarilyvocal.Theprimarymediumo

29、fhumanlanguageissound.Linguistsarenotinterestedinallsounds,butinspeechsounds-soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.第38页/共278页Phonetics -Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.pbilabial,stop.第39页/共

30、278页Three branches of phonetics Articulatoryphonetics-fromthespeakerspointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”Auditoryphonetics-fromthehearerspointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”Acousticphonetics-fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother.第40页/共278页Articulatory phonetics

31、第41页/共278页Speech organs:three important areas Pharyngeal cavity-the throat;The oral cavity-the mouth;Nasal cavity-the nose.第42页/共278页The diagram of speech organs1.Lips2.Teeth3.Teethridge(alveolar)4.Hardpalate5.Softpalate(velum)6.Uvula7.Tipoftongue8.Bladeoftongue9.Backoftongue10.Vocalcords11.Pharynge

32、alcavity12.Nasalcavity第43页/共278页Orthographic representation of speech sounds-AstandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscriptionistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA).ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingonelettertorepresentonespeechsound.Broadtranscription-usedindictionaryandtextbookfo

33、rgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clearl,pitNarrowtranscription-usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.darkl,aspiratedp第44页/共278页Some major articulatory variables-dimensionsonwhichspeechsoundsmayvary:Voicing-voiced&voicelessNasality-nasal&non-nasalAspiration-aspirated&unaspirated第45

34、页/共278页Classification of English speech sounds-Englishspeechsoundsaregenerallyclassifiedintotwolargecategories:VowelsConsonantsNote:Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelat

35、teritissomehowobstructed.第46页/共278页Classification of consonants-Englishconsonantsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtotwodimensions:ThemannerofarticulationTheplaceofarticulation第47页/共278页The manner of articulationstops/plosives:p,b,t,d,k,g;fricatives:f,v,s,z,W,T,F,V,h;affricates:tF,dV;liquids:l(lateral),r;nasa

36、ls:m,n,N;glides/semivowels:w,j.第48页/共278页The place of articulationbilabial:p,b,m,w;labiodental:f,v;dental:W,T;alveolar:t,d,s,z,n,l,r;palatal:F,V,tF,dV,j;velar:k,g,N;glottal:h.第49页/共278页The place of articulation1.Bilabial;2.Labiodental;3.Dentalorinterdental;4.Alveolar;5.Palatoalveolar;6.Palatal;7.Vel

37、ar;8.Uvular;9.Glottal.第50页/共278页The description of English consonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelar Glottal Stops or plosivesVL p t k VD b d g Frica-tivesVL f W s F hVD v T z V Affri-catesVL(tF)tFVD(dV)dVNasalsVDmn N LiquidsVDl,rGlides VDw j 第51页/共278页Classificat

38、ion of vowels-Englishvowelscanbedividedintotwolargecategories:Monophthongsorpure/singlevowelsDiphthongsorglidingvowels第52页/共278页Monophthongs or pure/single vowels-According to which part of thetongueisheldhighestintheprocessof production,the vowels can bedistinguishedas:frontvowels:I:,I,e,Z,A,B;cent

39、ralvowels:E:,E,Q;backvowels:u:,u,C:,C,B:.第53页/共278页According to the openness of the mouth Close:I:,I,u:,u.Semi-close:e,E:;Semi-open:E,C;Open:A,B,C,B:,Q;第54页/共278页The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:第55页/共278页According to the shape of the lips orth

40、e degree of lip rounding rounded:u:,u,C:,C;unrounded:I:,I,e,Z,A,B,E:,E,Q,B:.第56页/共278页According to the length of the vowels long:I:,E:,u:,C:,B:short:I,e,Z,A,E,Q,B,u,C.第57页/共278页Diphthongs/gliding vowels ei,ai,aU,EU,Ri,iE,ZE,UE.第58页/共278页Exercises:underline the words that begin with a sound as requir

41、ed.Abilabialconsonant:madsadbadcadpadhadladAvelarconsonant:nodgodcodpodrodLabiodentalconsonant:ratfatsatmatchatvatpatAnalveolarconsonant:nicklicksicktickkickquickApalato-alveolarconsonant:sipshiptipchiplipzipAdentalconsonant:liebuythighthytieryeAglide:onewaryolkrush第59页/共278页Underline the words that

42、 end with a sound as required:AfricativepayhorsetoughricebreathpushsingwreathehangcavemessageAnasaltrainbangleaflimbAstopdrillpipefitcrabfogridelaughrackthroughtipAnaffricate:racksuchridgebooze第60页/共278页Underline the words that contain the sound as required:Acentralvowel:madlotbutbootwordAfrontvowel

43、:reedpadloadfatebitbedcookAroundedvowel:whohebusherhittruebossbarwalkAbackvowel:paidreapfooltopgoodfather第61页/共278页Describe the underlined consonants according to three dimensions:vd/vlplacemannerLetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobbereither第62页/共278页PhonologyPhonologystudiesthepat

44、terningofspeechsounds,thatis,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.第63页/共278页Phonetics&phonologyBothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage-thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlangu

45、ages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.第64页/共278页Phone,phoneme,allophone 第65页/

46、共278页PhoneAphone-aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedont,e.g.bI:t&bIt,spIt&spIt.第66页/共278页PhonemeAphoneme-isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsoun

47、d,butitisrepresented byacertainphone in certain phonetic context,e.g.the phoneme/p/can berepresenteddifferentlyinpIt,tIpandspIt.第67页/共278页AllophoneAllophones-the phones that canrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.第68页/共278页Phonemic contrast,complementary distribution and minimal pair.第6

48、9页/共278页Phonemic contrastPhonemiccontrast-differentordistinctivephonemesareinphonemiccontrast,e.g./b/and/p/inbItandpIt.第70页/共278页Complementary distributionComplementarydistribution-allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontex

49、ts,e.g.darkl&clearl,aspiratedp&unaspiratedp.第71页/共278页Minimal pairMinimalpair-whentwodifferentformsareidentical(thesame)ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair,e.g.beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat.第72页/共278页Some

50、 rules of phonology SequentialrulesAssimilationruleDeletionrule第73页/共278页Sequential rulesSequentialrules-therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,“kbiI”mightpossiblyformblik,klib,bilk,kilb.Ifawordbeginswithalorar,thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.第74页/共278页Sequential ru