欧洲文化入门.pptx

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1、会计学1欧洲文化入门欧洲文化入门The Seventeenth Centuryn n.General Introduction.General Introductionn n.Science.Sciencen n.Philosophy,Politics and Literature.Philosophy,Politics and Literature in Englandin Englandn n.Descartes;French Classicism.Descartes;French Classicismn n.Art.Art第1页/共52页 I.General IntroductionI.

2、General Introductionn nIn the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the In the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times.modern times.n n1.This advance began in science,in astronogy,physics,and pure 1.This advance began in science,in astronogy,physics,and p

3、ure mathematics,owing to the work of Galileo,Kepler,Newton and mathematics,owing to the work of Galileo,Kepler,Newton and Descartes.Descartes.n n2.the outlook of educated men was transformed.2.the outlook of educated men was transformed.n n3.the new science and philosophy gave a great push to the po

4、litical 3.the new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle wages by the newly emerged class,the bourgeoisie,and other struggle wages by the newly emerged class,the bourgeoisie,and other classes.classes.第2页/共52页n nBertrand RussellBertrand Russell伯特兰伯特兰 罗素罗素concludes,“the mod

5、ern world,concludes,“the modern world,so far as mental outlook is so far as mental outlook is concerned,begins in the concerned,begins in the seventeenth century.”seventeenth century.”第3页/共52页Sciencen n1.1.From Copernicus to KeplerFrom Copernicus to Keplern nNicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus尼古拉

6、尼古拉 哥白尼哥白尼 was the immediate forerunner of was the immediate forerunner of modern science.modern science.n nWork:Work:The Revolution of the The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs Heavenly Orbs 天体运行论天体运行论n nHe put forward the theory that the He put forward the theory that the sun,not the earth,is the ce

7、ntre of the sun,not the earth,is the centre of the universe.universe.（日心说）（日心说）However his However his heliocentric theory was put forward heliocentric theory was put forward only as a hypothesis.only as a hypothesis.第4页/共52页n nKeplerKepler开普勒开普勒 is best known for is best known for his discovery of

8、the three laws of his discovery of the three laws of planetary motionplanetary motion开普勒三大行星开普勒三大行星定律定律:第5页/共52页n n1.Each planet moves in an 1.Each planet moves in an ellipse,not a perfect circle,ellipse,not a perfect circle,with the sun at one focus;with the sun at one focus;n n2.Each planet moves

9、more 2.Each planet moves more rapidly when near the sun rapidly when near the sun than farther from it.than farther from it.n n3.The distance of each 3.The distance of each planet from the sun bears s planet from the sun bears s definite relation to the time definite relation to the time period the

10、planet took to period the planet took to complete a revolution complete a revolution around the sun.around the sun.第6页/共52页Galileo Galilei(1564-1642)n nGalileo was the first to apply the Galileo was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.telescope to the study of the skies.n nHe

11、published his discoveries in the He published his discoveries in the book Sidereus Nunciusbook Sidereus Nuncius（the the Starry MessengerStarry Messenger）天体信息）天体信息.n nWhat he saw in the sky with the What he saw in the sky with the help of the telescope proved that help of the telescope proved that Pt

12、olemys Ptolemys（托勒密）（托勒密）geocentric geocentric system simply would not work and system simply would not work and that Copernicuss powerful that Copernicuss powerful hypothesis had been right.hypothesis had been right.n nGalileo was the first to establish Galileo was the first to establish the law of

13、 the falling bodies.the law of the falling bodies.第7页/共52页Sir Isaac Newton牛顿牛顿(1642-1727)nIn mathematics,Newton invented calculus.微积分nIn optics光学,he discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum.nIn Physics,he discovered the law of the universal gravitation万有引力定万有引力定律律.nN

14、ewtons discoveries were summarized in his great book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica(Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 自然哲学的自然哲学的数学解读数学解读第8页/共52页Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz(1646-1716)n nLeibniz was a German philosopher,Leibniz was a German philosopher,scientist,mathematici

15、an,historian scientist,mathematician,historian and diplomat.He opposed the and diplomat.He opposed the Cartesian account of matter.He Cartesian account of matter.He believed that the world was made believed that the world was made of simple,active,unconcerned and of simple,active,unconcerned and une

16、xtended substances,each from unextended substances,each from its point of view reflecting the its point of view reflecting the whole universe,and all coordinated whole universe,and all coordinated in pre-established harmony.in pre-established harmony.n nHe and Newton invented He and Newton invented

17、independently the Differential and independently the Differential and integral calculus.integral calculus.第9页/共52页n nHis major worksHis major works:n n Hypothesis Physical Nova Hypothesis Physical Nova（New Physical New Physical HypothesisHypothesis）（16711671）n n Discourse on MetaphysicsDiscourse on

18、Metaphysics （16861686）论形而上学）论形而上学n n New System of NatureNew System of Nature （16951695）论大自然体系）论大自然体系n n New Essays Concerning Human UnderstandingNew Essays Concerning Human Understanding （17041704）论人类的理解力）论人类的理解力第10页/共52页Invention of New Instruments n nThe microscope was invented in The microscope

19、was invented in 1590.the telescope was 1590.the telescope was invented in 1608 by a invented in 1608 by a Dutchman.Galileo invented the Dutchman.Galileo invented the thermometerthermometer温度计温度计 and one of and one of his pupils made the barometerhis pupils made the barometer气气压计压计.The pendulum clock

20、.The pendulum clock摆钟摆钟 appeared in 1656.appeared in 1656.第11页/共52页n nTwo Merits Shared by the Great Scientists of the 17th Centuryn nFirst,they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.n nSecond,they all had immense patience in observation.n nThe combination of the two merits brought about fundamental

21、 changes in mans scientific and philosophical thinking.第12页/共52页Philosophy,Politics and Literature in Englandn nFrancis Bacon(1561-1626)n nThomas Hobbes(1588-1679)n n John Locke(1632-1704)n nJohn Milton and the English Revolution第13页/共52页Francis Bacon培根培根(1561-1626)n nFancies Bacon was an Fancies Ba

22、con was an English philosopher,English philosopher,essayist and statesman.essayist and statesman.n nMajor works:Major works:The The Advancement of Advancement of Learning Learning 论学习的循序渐论学习的循序渐进进,The New Atlantis,The New Atlantis新新亚特兰蒂斯亚特兰蒂斯.The Novum.The Novum Organism Organism（New MethodNew Metho

23、d）andand Essays Essays1818篇散文集篇散文集第14页/共52页n nThe whole basis of his philosophy was practical:n nTo give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and scientific inventions.n nHe held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology,not intimately be blended w

24、ith it as in Scholasticism.第15页/共52页n n3.Induction /The Inductive Method 归纳法 n.n n.The Inductive Method was initiated by Francis Bacon.n n.In plainer words,induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.n n.This inductive method was put forward in opposit

25、ion to the accepted deductive method 演绎法,well established in Europe for almost a thousand years by Aristotle.-n.reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.第16页/共52页Bacons works:-Bacons works:-EssaysEssays 58 58篇散文集篇散文集篇散文集篇散文集n n特点：特点：They are noted for thei

26、r striking terse style They are noted for their striking terse style and sharp observation about life.and sharp observation about life.言简意赅言简意赅 观察敏锐观察敏锐n nSome famous quotations from Bacon:Some famous quotations from Bacon:n nKnowledge is power.Knowledge is power.n nSome books are to be tasted,other

27、s to be swallowed,Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.and some few to be chewed and digested.（Of Of StudiesStudies）论学习论学习n nReading makes a full man,conference a ready man,Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man,and writing an exact man.a

28、nd writing an exact man.（IbidIbid）同上同上n nBooks must follow science,and not science books.Books must follow science,and not science books.读书，不可死读书。读书，不可死读书。n nWives are young mens mistresses,companions for Wives are young mens mistresses,companions for middle age,and old mens nurses.middle age,and ol

29、d mens nurses.第17页/共52页Thomas Hobbes霍布斯霍布斯(1588-1679)n nThomas Hobbes,author of Thomas Hobbes,author of LeviathanLeviathan 论政治论政治,one,one of the most celebrated of the most celebrated political treatises in European political treatises in European literature.literature.第18页/共52页n na.Hobbess Material

30、ist Viewsn nHobbes argued that our knowledge comes from experience.n nb.The Natural State of Warn nHobbes believed that man is selfish by naturen nc.The Laws of Naturen nAccording to Hobbes,the fundamental law of nature is the general rule of reason that every man ought to Endeavour for peace.第19页/共

31、52页n nd.The Theory of the Social Contractd.The Theory of the Social Contract社会契约论社会契约论n nHobbes maintained that in order to get men out of Hobbes maintained that in order to get men out of the miserable condition of war,keep then in awe,the miserable condition of war,keep then in awe,and tie them by

32、 fear of punishment to the and tie them by fear of punishment to the performance of their agreements,and observation of performance of their agreements,and observation of the laws of nature,it is necessary that there should the laws of nature,it is necessary that there should be a common power or go

33、vernment backed by force be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.and able to punish.第20页/共52页 John Locke洛克洛克(1632-1704)n na.a.Lockes Materialist Lockes Materialist ViewsViewsn nHis materialist views are His materialist views are expressed in one of his chief expressed in o

34、ne of his chief works works Essay Concerning Essay Concerning Human Understanding.Human Understanding.His His basic theory is that all our basic theory is that all our ideas are ultimately derived ideas are ultimately derived from sensation or from from sensation or from reflection,that these two re

35、flection,that these two make up experience and that make up experience and that all our knowledge springs all our knowledge springs from experience.from experience.第21页/共52页n nb.Lockes Political Philosophyb.Lockes Political Philosophyn nIn 1690,Locke published his two In 1690,Locke published his two

36、 Treatises of Civil Government Treatises of Civil Government 国国内政府契约论内政府契约论.1.1.Locke flatly rejected the theory of Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.divine right of kings.公开反对君权神授公开反对君权神授2.2.He ridiculed the theory of He ridiculed the theory of transmission of royal authorit

37、y.transmission of royal authority.批判王位世袭制批判王位世袭制3.3.Locke put forward the idea of the state of nature:“All Locke put forward the idea of the state of nature:“All men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature.”men are naturally free and equal in the state of nature.”第22页/共52页4.For Locke,Nat

38、ural Law,therefore,means a 4.For Locke,Natural Law,therefore,means a universally obligatory moral lawuniversally obligatory moral law 广泛的强广泛的强制性的道德法则制性的道德法则 promulgated by the promulgated by the human reason,whereas for Hobbes it human reason,whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power,force and fr

39、aud.means the law of power,force and fraud.5.Locke firmly believed in 5.Locke firmly believed in natural rightsnatural rights.天赋天赋人权人权 The natural right is the right of The natural right is the right of private propertyprivate property.第23页/共52页n nc.The Social Contractc.The Social Contractn nLocke b

40、elieved that society is out of necessity,convenience and mans Locke believed that society is out of necessity,convenience and mans own interest,and therefore,society is natural to man.own interest,and therefore,society is natural to man.n nHe emphasized that the social contract must be understood as

41、 involving He emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individuals consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the individuals consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.the will of the majority must prevail.

42、n nHe also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the He also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.social contract.第24页/共52页John Milton and the English Revolutionn nThe English Revolution took place in the middle of the 17th century.n nBy the e

43、nd of the 16th century,Calvinism had spread to England.As a result,the Puritan Movement was started in England.第25页/共52页n nIn 1642,the Civil War broke out In 1642,the Civil War broke out between the king and the Parliament between the king and the Parliament and the English Bourgeoisie won the and t

44、he English Bourgeoisie won the victory.Cromwell became the head of victory.Cromwell became the head of the government known as the the government known as the Protector.Protector.n nAfter the death of Cromwell in 1658,After the death of Cromwell in 1658,the country was in confusion.In the country wa

45、s in confusion.In 1660,Charles II,the son of the 1660,Charles II,the son of the beheaded king,returned from France beheaded king,returned from France and was put on the throne.and was put on the throne.n nCromwellCromwelln nCharles II Charles II 第26页/共52页n nIn 1688,the Dutch king William In 1688,the

46、 Dutch king William and his wife Mary were invited and his wife Mary were invited to be the joint rulers of England.to be the joint rulers of England.Thus the shorted restoration Thus the shorted restoration ended.This event of 1688 was ended.This event of 1688 was called the Glorious Revolution.cal

47、led the Glorious Revolution.第27页/共52页n nIn December,1689,the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament.It established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England.第28页/共52页n nIn English Literature,John In English Literature,John Milton ranks with Shakespear

48、e Milton ranks with Shakespeare and Chaucer.and Chaucer.n nThree master epic poems:Three master epic poems:Paradise Lost,Paradise Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Regained and SamsonSamson Agonistes.Agonistes.第29页/共52页 Descartes;French Classicismn nRene Descartes(1596-1650)n n French Classicism第3

49、0页/共52页Rene Descartes笛卡尔笛卡尔(1596-1650)n nIt is generally believed It is generally believed that modern that modern philosophy begins with philosophy begins with France Bacon in France Bacon in England and with Rene England and with Rene Descartes in France.Descartes in France.n nWorks:Works:Rules fo

50、r the Rules for the Direction of the Mind,Direction of the Mind,Discourse on Method,Discourse on Method,Meditations Meditations Concerning First Concerning First Philosophy and Philosophy and Objections and Objections and Replies.Replies.第31页/共52页n na.The Method of Cartesian Doubta.The Method of Car