文化语境与语言翻译.pptx
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1、1.Definition of Context andCulture1.1 Context refers to the conditions in which something exists or occurs.Linguistically,this is the part of a discourse surrounding a word or passage that helps make its meaning clear.第1页/共32页20世纪90年代,对于翻译语境context in translation/translation context的讨论日渐盛行,并且在英美两国呈现
2、初两种不同的理论取向。翻译语境论内涵:译者、原作语境、译语语境、互动翻译语境论本质属性:主观性(指受制于译者,受译者自身兴趣、需要、知识、经验、文艺修养、欣赏习惯、个人信仰的影响)动态性(翻译语境随时空的变化而变化)对话性(由于翻译语境的主观性和动态性,翻译语境的构建不是一次就能完成的,是永无休止的对话过程)第2页/共32页e.g.:“小康社会”:十四大译为十四大译为:a well-off society,十七大改为十七大改为:a moderately prosperous society“反腐倡廉”:十四大译为十四大译为:fight corruption and build a clean
3、government十七大改为十七大改为:fight corruption and uphold integrity第3页/共32页 英国翻译理论家受功能主义语境观影响B.Malinowski:context of situation&context of culture(提出情景语境和文化语境的概念)Halliday:情景语境三大要素:Field(语场):Refers to what is happening,to the nature of the social action that is taking place.(语场指在交际过程中实际发生的社会活动)Tenor(语旨):Refers
4、 to who is taking part,to the nature of the participants,their statuses and roles.(语旨指参与者之间的社会关系)Mode(语式):Refers to what part the language is playing,what is that the participants are expecting the language to do for them in that situation.(语式指交际的渠道和媒介)他们主要讨论语境和翻译的关系问题,对文化语境关注不够第4页/共32页美国的翻译理论家对翻译语境
5、的讨论有明显的文化人类学特征,主要从文化语境的角度讨论问题,因而跨文化意识较强。Daniel Shaw:“翻译语境是翻译过程中聚合起来的文化互动的总和。”把“Context of Culture”图示为SourceTranslatorReceptorEugene Nida:Contexts in Translating他们的翻译语境观侧重于文化语境,缺乏对情景语境及语言等语境层面的关注。第5页/共32页1.2 Definition of Culture The Origin:Latin word“cultura”,which means“plant/cultivate”.第6页/共32页Edw
6、ard Burnett Tylor“Cultureis that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as member of a society.”Primitive Culture(1871)第7页/共32页E.A.Nida“Culture could be the totality of the beliefs and practices of a society.”Languag
7、e and Culture(2001)Peter Newmark“I define culture as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as a means of expression.”A Textbook of Translation(1988)第8页/共32页文化语境就是在某一特定的具体的文化中,人们的认知环境,该认知环境同样包括语言环境、具体语境和认知语境。这每一环都与语言密切相关。具体包括:thinking
8、modes,proper noun,address,color,idiom,euphemism,number,name of animal or plant,allusion,etc.第9页/共32页 2.Different Thinking Modes in China and Western CountriesTranslating Steps:comprehensionexpression revision (理解表达校核)2.1 Abstract v.s.Visual e.g.:Science is a method that ignores religion,race,nationa
9、lity,economics,morality,and ethics.画饼充饥,指鹿为马,指桑骂槐第10页/共32页2.2 Linear v.s.Circular/Spiral e.g.:例如,“楼台会”中梁祝之间互相表白爱情的一段对话:梁:贤妹妹我想你,神思昏昏寝食废。祝:梁哥哥我想你,三餐茶饭无滋味。梁:贤妹妹我想你,衣冠不整无心理。祝:梁哥哥我想你,懒对菱化不梳理。梁:贤妹妹我想你,提起笔来字忘记。祝:梁哥哥我想你,东边插针寻往西。梁:贤妹妹我想你,那日不想到夜里。祝:梁哥哥我想你,那夜不想到鸡啼。第11页/共32页罗密欧和朱莉叶在Romeo and Juliet(Act II,sc.I
10、)中的爱情对话共有200 多行。归纳起来,对话的核心就是Romeo:Juliet is the sun!-O!It is my love.Juliet:My bounty is as boundless as the sea,my love as deep;the more I giveto thee,the more I have,for both are infinite.其他话语都是围绕主题“I love you very much”展开的。Romeo和Juliet 对话中共用了27 个“love”。第12页/共32页2.3 Complex or Compound v.s.Simple
11、e.g.:Translation is first a science,which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes themhere,what is wrong,mistakes of truth,can be identified.首先,翻译是一门科学,它需要知识,需要核对事实的能力,需要懂得描述这些事实的语言。翻译中,错误的内容,错误的事实,应该加以鉴别。第13页/共32页 2.4 Hypotaxis(形合)&Parataxis(意合)e.g.:He,am
12、ply provided with liberal accomplishments,and bound,if he kept the straight road,to attain all distinctions,was goaded by a spirit of haste,which impelled him to outpace first his equals,then his superiors,and finally his own ambitions:an infirmity fatal to many,even of the good,who,disdaining the s
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