说明文篇章主题引出方式分类和功能分类 讲义--高考英语一轮复习.docx

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1、说明文篇章主题引出方式分类和功能分类说明文(exposition)类型的篇章的最大特色是逻辑性强，句与句之间、段与段之间存在各种各样的关系，对于考生来说，阅读说明文类语篇和解答说明文类试题必须要关注主题(topic)引出的手法以及引出主题呈现引出部分的功能分类，只有解决了这两个问题，我们才能确定每篇说明文的不同主题。一、说明文篇章主题呈现引出方式分类：1.事例法2017年6月浙江省高考阅读理解C篇FLORENCE, ItalySvetlanaCojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver t

2、o Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay shes had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.Italy is the latest Western European country trying to control a growing immigrant(移民) population by

3、 demanding language skills in exchange for work permits, or in some cases, citizenship.Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs, such measures will become a more vehicle for intolerance than integration(融合). Others say its only natur

4、al that newcomers learn the language of their host nation, seeing it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society.Other European countries laid down a similar requirement for immigrants, and some terms are even tougher. The governments argue that this will help foreigners better join the

5、society and promote understanding across cultures.Italy, which has a much weaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered some 1.14 million out of Italys then 56.7 million people, or about 2 percent. At the start of this ye

6、ar, foreigners living in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6 million, or 7.5 percent, with immigrantschildren accounting for an even larger percentage of births in Italy.Cojochru, the Moldovan caregiver, hoped obtaining permanent residence(居住权) would help her bring her two c

7、hildren to Italy; they live with her sister in Moldova, where salaries are among the lowest in Europe. She was skeptical that the language requirement would encourage integration.Italians always“see me as a foreigner,”an outsider, even though shes stayed in the country for years and can speak the lo

8、cal language fluently, she said.本篇说明文的主题是意大利是尽力通过以语言技能来交换工作资格或在有些情况下交换市民证来控制不断增加的移民人口的最新西欧国家。但是为了呈现这个主题，作者首先描述了一位来自摩尔多瓦的普通移民SvetlanaCojochru的准备考试情况，这种方法叫做事例法。2.反衬法2019年6月浙江省高考阅读理解B篇Money with no strings attached.Its not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a b

9、oard went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, Give What You Can, Take What You Need.People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-economic(社会经济的)backgrounds gave and took, ”

10、said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars. Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip(片段)shows one man who had found a $ 20 b

11、ill pinning it to the board.“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,” Bridges said. “Theres a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most. Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very

12、 small number took as much as they could.While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.“After all, everyone h

13、as bad days and good days, he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”本篇语篇的主题是一项“自放（钱）自取（钱）” 的一项活动。但是在引出这个主题前，作者首先使用了反衬法，先反面说“随意取钱”并不是我们日常可以经常见到的事情，然后正面说上个月在洛杉矶的联盟站，就有一个活动可以实现这样的场景。这样的主题引出手法就是反衬法。3.提问法2018年11月浙江省高考七选五任务型阅读Some people are so

14、rude. Who sends an e-mail or a text message that just saysThankyou? Who leaves a voice mail message rather than texts you? Who asks for a fact easilyfound on the Internet?31.D. Don t these people realize that theyre wasting your time?Maybe Im the rude one for not appreciating lifes little courtesies

15、 (礼节). But manysocialnorms(规范)just don t make sense to people drowning in digital communication.Take the thank-you note. Daniel Post Senning, a coauthor of Emily Post Etiquetteasked,At what point does showing appreciation outweigh the cost?32.A. Then there is voice mail.Think of how long it takes to

16、 listen to one of those messages. In texts, youdont have to declare who you are or even say hello. E-mail, too, is slower than a text. Theworst are those who leave a voice mail and then send an e-mail message to tell you they left avoice mail.This isnt the first time technology has changed our manne

17、rs. 33.G. When the telephone was invented, people didnt know how to greet a caller.AlexanderGraham Bell, the inventor, suggested that people say, Ahoy!Finally, hello won out, and thevictory sped up the greetings use in face-to-face communications.In the age of the smart phone, there is no reason to

18、ask once-acceptable questions aboutthe weather forecast, a businesss phone number, or directions to a house, a restaurant, or anoffice, which can be easily found on a digital map. 34.C. But people still ask these things.And when you answer, theyrespond with a thank-you e-mail.How to handle these dif

19、fering standards? Easy: Consider your audience. Some people,especially older ones, appreciate a thank-you message.35.B. Others, like me, want no reply.In traditional societies, theyoung learn from the old. But in modern societies, the old can also learn from the young.Heres hoping that politeness ne

20、ver goes out of fashion but that time-wasting forms ofcommunication do.本篇语篇主题倾向贬义，主要是讲网络交流时代一些浪费时间的行为，但是在呈现这一主题之前，作者开篇使用了三个特殊疑问词who引导的特殊疑问句，这种引出主题的手法就是提问法。4.综合法2018年11月浙江省高考英语概要写作Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can allstart to look and sound the same.

21、 Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually belike to live on a college campus (校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms,classrooms and athletic equipmentand, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy oncesenior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and

22、 it can also be pricey if theschools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind thatyou are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research youcan to make sure you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in

23、 your local area. In fact, a lot of collegeapplications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the countrythat wont be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply, at the very least you shou

24、ldfind some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youdlike to attend. It can save you a lot of headache if you rule out now the things that you dontlike about certain campuses, things that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are

25、making it impossible, then check out the online college fairsat College WeekLive. Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, andcollege counselors (顾问), and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its onlinecollege fair at collegeweeklive. com. While visiting an online co

26、llege fair cant take the placeof an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other researchwill help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like toattend.这篇说明文类的概要写作，在引出主题“实地考察你即将就读的大学的好处”之前使用了两种不同的手法，从Its a really good idea to visit

27、 colleges before you apply because their websites can allstart to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually belike to live on a college campus (校园)like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms,classrooms and athletic equipmentand, of course, the students.使用了

28、描述性的事例法，而It seems a little crazy oncesenior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if theschools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.则是使用了反衬法，这两种方法综合在一起，共同为了引出主题But keep in mind thatyou are making a decision about the next four years of

29、 your life, and do all the research youcan to make sure you are making the right one。二、说明文主题呈现引出部分功能分类：根据说明文主题引出部分的内容不同我们可以把它们又可以具体分类为why、how和what三种不同的类型，下面我们结合上面四篇语篇进行具体讲解。2017年6月浙江省高考阅读理解C篇FLORENCE, ItalySvetlanaCojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian

30、 kids and the elderly, but in order to stay shes had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.这篇语篇通过特写SvetlanaCojochru参加考试和焦虑心情来具体说明主题“意大利尽力通过以语言技能来交换工作资格或在有些情况下交换市民证来控制不断增加的移民人口”来说明这个政策对普通人士所造成的后果，也就是回答

31、了what的问题。2019年6月浙江省高考阅读理解B篇Money with no strings attached.Its not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, Give What You Can, Take What You Need.这段使用反衬法的引出部分主要讲解的是上个月在洛杉矶的联盟站举行的“自放（钱）

32、自取（钱）” 活动具体开展过程，所以可以把它归类于how的部分。2018年11月浙江省高考七选五任务型阅读Some people are so rude. Who sends an e-mail or a text message that just saysThankyou? Who leaves a voice mail message rather than texts you? Who asks for a fact easilyfound on the Internet?这篇连续三个who引导的特殊疑问句引出了主题“网络交流时代一些浪费时间的行为”，从它们所表现出的内容来看，这三个问

33、题实际上点明了事实上存在得具体行为，也属于how的范围。2018年11月浙江省高考英语概要写作Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can allstart to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually belike to live on a college campus (校园)like visiting and seeing for yourse

34、lf the dorms,classrooms and athletic equipmentand, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy oncesenior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if theschools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.这篇使用事例法和反衬法两种不同手法的主题引出部分，主要讲解“实地考察你即将就读的大学的原因”，也就是回答了why的问题，这一点从连词because连接的原因壮语从句可以清晰做出判断。学科网（北京）股份有限公司