Unit 1 Art Learning About Language 动词不定式的用法-高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第三册.pptx

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1、不定式由“to+to+动词原形动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to donot/never to do”,不定式没有_的变化，有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格名词或代词宾格”构成。不定式不定式人称和数一一.结构结构:to do (否定否定)not/never to do 二二.时态与语态时态与语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式完成进行式完成进行式不定式不定式 to do to be done to be doing to have done to

2、 have been done to have been doing-(1).They pretended not to see us.(2).He pretended to be sleeping.(3).She pretended to have known it before.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎几乎/发生在发生在它之后它之后.).)(在谓语动词发生的同时在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行不定式的动作也正在进行)(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4).Were happy to have been wo

3、rking with you.(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)动词不定式的作用 Functions of Infinitive 主语主语 (subject)v 宾语宾语 (object)v 宾补宾补 (object complement)v 定语定语 (attribute)v 状语状语 (adverbial)v 表语表语 (predicative)v 做独立成分（做独立成分（independent component）v 与疑问词等连用与疑问词等连用三三.用法用法/功能功能To s

4、ee is to believe.Its important to learn English well.(1).主语主语单个不定式作主语时单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数若不定式太长若不定式太长,往往用往往用itit作形式主语作形式主语,不定不定式置后式置后.1)My work is to clean the room.2)His dream is to be a doctor.3)All you have to do is(to)finish the job quickly.Conclusion:1)1)不定式做表语常常表示主语的不定式做表语常常表示主语的“职业、职责或性质

5、职业、职责或性质”。2)2)如果主语部分有个实义动词如果主语部分有个实义动词do,do,用作表语的不定式可用作表语的不定式可省略省略toto。2.2.不定式做表语不定式做表语 (predicative)3.不定式不定式做做宾语宾语(object)A.(1)She intends to talk about the matter.(2)He hopes to find a job soon.Conclusion：常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有常接动词不定式作宾语的动词有want,wish,hope,expect,intend,mean,agree,promise,care,refuse,deter

6、mine,decide,offer,attempt,manage,afford 等。等。B.(1)I was allowed to continue _(use)the library.(2)When did you begin _(learn)English?to use/usingto learn/learningConclusion：begin,start,continue后既可接后既可接to do又可接又可接doing作宾语，意义上无根本区别。作宾语，意义上无根本区别。C.(1)请接着做同一个练习。请接着做同一个练习。Please go on _(do)the same exercis

7、e.(2)请做另外一个练习。请做另外一个练习。Please go on _(do)the other exercise.doingto doConclusion：go on后既可接后既可接to do,也可以接也可以接doing,但意义不同但意义不同.有类似用有类似用法的动词法的动词有有stop,mean,forget,remember,regret,try 等等.D.(1)Have you decided what to do next?(2)I didnt know whether to laugh or cry about it.Conclusion：动词动词learn,decide,kn

8、ow,determine,ask 等常跟等常跟“疑问词疑问词+不定式（短语）不定式（短语）”作宾语。作宾语。E.(1)I find it difficult to work with him.(2)He makes it a rule to read newspaper for an hour before breakfast everyday.Conclusion：feel,find,make,think,believe,consider 等动等动词后如果接不定式做宾语，并且有形容词词后如果接不定式做宾语，并且有形容词或名词或名词作宾语补作宾语补足语足语，常用常用it形式宾语形式宾语,把不定

9、式后移。把不定式后移。F.(1)She could do nothing but cry.(2)I have no choice but to go.(3)What do you like to do besides sleep.Conclusion：介词介词but、except和和besides后也可以跟不定式后也可以跟不定式做宾语做宾语,但如果前面有实意动词但如果前面有实意动词do，后面不定式不带，后面不定式不带to。I have something to say.He has a lot of homework to do.He is looking for a room to live

10、 in.There is nothing to worry about.4.定语定语(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词则不定式中要有介词.)请给我一支写字的笔请给我一支写字的笔.Please give me a pen to write with.(常常表示将来的动作常常表示将来的动作)不定式作定语时，应放在不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面被修饰词的后面，而，而且放在其他后置定语之后。且放在其他后置定语之后。1.不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种三种关系：关系：(1)动宾关系动宾关系 I have a lot o

11、f work to do.我有很多工作要做。我有很多工作要做。(2)主谓关系主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。他总是第一个来。(3)同位关系同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college.我们都有上大学的机会。我们都有上大学的机会。2.作定语的不定式如果是作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词不及物动词，或，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的相应的介词介词。3.不定式所修饰的名词如果是不定式所修饰的名词如果

12、是time,place或或way，不定式后面的，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去介词习惯上要省去。e.g.He is looking for a room to live in.他在找一个房间住。他在找一个房间住。e.g.He had no money and no place to live.他没钱没地方住。他没钱没地方住。4.something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词常用不定式等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。做后置定语。e.g.Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？你有什么东西要寄吗？Do you hav

13、e anything to be sent?你有什么东西要被寄吗？你有什么东西要被寄吗？5.不定式做状语不定式做状语(adverbial)(1)To learn English well,I get up early to memorize English words every morning.(2)Im glad to see you.(3)He is old enough to go to school.(4)The chair is very comfortable to sit on.Conclusion:不定式（短语）在句子做状语，主要表目的、原因和结果等。不定式（短语）在句子做状

14、语，主要表目的、原因和结果等。(1)不定式作目的状语除了不定式作目的状语除了to do 之外，还可以用之外，还可以用in order to do,so as to do等等(2)不定式作原因状语，一般都用在表示情绪的形容词后面不定式作原因状语，一般都用在表示情绪的形容词后面sorry,surprised,happy,glad,eager angry,foolish,right,wrong,slow,quick,rude,cruel,disappointed等等(3)不定式作状语作结果状语，不定式作状语作结果状语，除了除了enoughto do，tooto do及及soas to do外，还可以

15、用外，还可以用only to do，表示出乎意料的结果。表示出乎意料的结果。6.不定式作宾补不定式作宾补 (object complement)(1)My mum asks me to play the piano two hours every day.(2)They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.Conclusion：(1)在下列动词后，常接带动词不定式做宾语补足语在下列动词后，常接带动词不定式做宾语补足语:allow,permit,encour

16、age,forbid,promise,wish,expect,prefer,tell,ask,order,require,force,warn,instruct,consider,cause,invite,advise,persuade,get,leave 等。等。(2)接不带接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词的不定式作宾补的动词(短语短语)有有:五看：五看：see，watch，notice，observe，look at三使三使:make，have，let二听二听:hear，listen to一感觉一感觉:feel但这些词用在被动但这些词用在被动语态中语态中to不可省不可省7.独立结构独立结构t

17、o be frank,to be honest,To tell the truth,I dont agree with you.类似的结构类似的结构8、不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语)How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语)My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语)注意注意注意注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或w

18、hy not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Why not have a rest?e.g.I made him do his work.He was made to do his work(by me).注意注意1 help 后面的后面的“to”可省去可省去e.g.They often help the grandma(to)carry water.2 see,hear,watch,feel,notice,look at等表示等表示 感觉和感觉和let,make,have等表示使役的动词后等表示使役的动词后 面，不定式作宾语时要省面，不定式作宾语时要省“to”（注：被动（注

19、：被动 语态不省语态不省toto）3 不定式用在介词不定式用在介词but,except,besides后时后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词如果这些介词前有行为动词do的的各种形式各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带相反则带to.(1).She could do nothing but cry.(2).I have no choice but to go.(3).What do you like to do besides sleep.1.My teacher was made _(give up)his teaching because of poor healt

20、h.2.The sentence wants _(explain)once more.3.The Arctic is considered _(be)the northern part of the Atlantic.to give upexplainingto be4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth_ (weave)for him without delay.5.I found the German language hard _ (learn).6.The light in the office is still on.-Oh,I forgo

21、t _ (turn off).to be wovento learnto turn it off7.-How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?-The key _(solve)the problem is to meet the demand _(make)by the customers.8.-What do you think of the school?-It is a very good _.A.school to study in B.school for children

22、 to studyC.studying school D.school to studyto solvingmade9.-Did you get a job?-No,I _,but its no use.A.expected B.tried to C.managed to D.planned10.We find it impossible for the work _ (finish)ahead of time.11.-I usually go to Shanghai by train.-Why not _ there by boat for a change?A.to try to go B

23、.try going C.to try going D.try to go to be finished12._(make)a living,she had to work from morning till night.13.I would rather starve to death than _(beg)for food.14.The boy pretended _(read)when his mother entered.To makebegto be reading1.Robert is said _ (study)abroad,but I dont know what countr

24、y he studied in.2.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_(make)it more difficult.3.Ive worked with children before,so I know what _(expect)in my new job.to have studied not to make to expect 13.Little Jim should love _(take)to the theatre this evening.14._(sleep)late in the afternoo

25、n,Bob turned off the alarm.15.The teacher asked us _(make)so much noise.to be takenTo sleepnot to make1爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。_ are both great happiness.2中国人民决不会征服。中国人民决不会征服。The Chinese people refuse _3据说他已经完成了他的工作。据说他已经完成了他的工作。He is said _.4 根据报道他们已安全到达。根据报道他们已安全到达。They are reported _To love and t

26、o be lovedto give in/be conqueredto have finished/completed his workto have arrived safely5 我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。I want this bike _.6 玛利仿佛已经被告诉这件事了。玛利仿佛已经被告诉这件事了。Mary seemed _.7众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympic.to be repaired at once/immediatelyto have been told about itto have been given