《语言学教程》第8章语用学.ppt
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1、第 8 章 语用学(1)(Language in Use/Pragmatics)8.0 语用学入门 自设8.1 Speech Act Theory 言语行为理论8.0 语用学入门语用学入门Definitions of Pragmatics n Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways the social contexts o
2、f language performance can influence interpretation.In other words,pragmatics is concerned with the ways language is used to communicate rather than the way language is internally structured.n (本教材的(本教材的P18)“微观语言学(microlinguistics)”与“语言”微观语言学音位学子系统-1:语音语言(Langue)形态学子系统-2:词汇语法句法学语义学子系统-3:语义n Pragmati
3、cs is generally defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying and understanding meaning in a certain context,pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.Pragmati
4、cs is a comparatively a new branch of study in the area of linguistics;its development and establishment in the 1960s and 1970s resulted from the expansion of the study of linguistics,especially that of semantics.新编简明英语语言学教程P84Pragmatics vs Semanticsn The publication of Saussures work Course in Gene
5、ral Linguistics in the early 20th century marked the beginning of modern linguistics and at the same time laid down the key note for modern linguistics,i.e.language should be studied as a self-contained,intrinsic system;any serious study of language cannot afford to investigate the use of language a
6、nd extra-linguistic factors were not to be considered.n 普通语言学教程的尾句:The only true object of study in linguistics is the language,considered in itself and for its own sake.n From then on,this has been the dominant tradition of linguistic study.This is the spirit in which traditional phonology studied
7、the sounds of language,traditional syntax studied the structure of sentences,traditional semantics studied meaning.The meaning of language was considered as something intrinsic and inherent,i.e.,a property attached to language itself.Therefore,meaning of words,meaning of sentences were all studied i
8、n isolation from language use.n But gradually linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.But once the notion of context was taken into consideration,semantics spilled over into pragmatics.What essentiall
9、y distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of language use is considered.If it is not considered,the study is confined to the area of traditional semantics;if it is considered,the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.“句子”与“语句”n 某年某月某日某时,张三
10、说“天在下雨”;这是语句(utterance)。某年某月某日某时,李四也说“天在下雨”;这也是语句(utterance)。张三、李四各自的语句所表现出的共有的、得到普遍承认的东西是句子(sentence)。n 语句是句子在具体语境中的体现或运用。素是位在具体语境中的体现和运用言语音素音位语言语素变体语素词形词语句句子语言运用语言能力Context 语境语境n The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language.It is generally considered as constituted by the
11、knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Various components of shared knowledge have been identified,e.g.knowledge of the language they use,knowledge of what has been said before,knowledge about the world in general,knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is ta
12、king place,and knowledge aboutneach other.Context determines the speakers use of language and also the hearers interpretation of what is said to him.Without such knowledge,linguistic communication would not be possible,and without considering such knowledge,linguistic communication cannot be satisfa
13、ctorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense.Sentence meaning and utterance meaning句子意义与语句意义n A sentence is a grammatical concept,and the meaning of a sentence is often the abstract,intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication.But if we think of a sentence as what people actually
14、say in the course of communication,it becomes an utterance,and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered or used.So it is possible to tell if“The dog is barking”is a sentence or an utterance.It can be either.It all depends on how we look at it and how we are going to a
15、nalyze it.nIf we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a selfcontained unit in isolation from context,then we are treating it as a sentence.If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose,then we are treating it as an utterance.Therefore,while the
16、 meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized,that of an utterance is concrete,and context-dependent.The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.8.1 Speech A
17、ct Theory言语行为理论言语行为理论的提出者约翰约翰奥斯奥斯汀汀(John Austin)(1911 1960)n约翰约翰奥斯奥斯汀汀:英国哲学家,日常语言学派领袖,对英美哲学界和语言学界有巨大影响。n他提出的“施事语句”的概念和言语行为理论是对哲学和语言学具有永久价值的原创性贡献。n有国外的研究者评论“在二战以后的英国哲学界,他是唯一能和维特根斯坦的影响力相抗衡的英国哲学家;剑桥和牛津是当时世界哲学的中心”。How to Do Things with Words By John Austin 1911 1960 背景信息背景信息nWilliam James(18421910)言语行为理
18、论的学术背景言语行为理论的学术背景n20世纪30年代盛行的逻辑实证主义哲学认为,凡不能被证明真伪的陈述都是伪陈述。n受该学说影响,当时的人普遍认为,语言的功能就是陈述事实,其陈述受“真或假”这一标准的检验。例如,“她是第一个登上月球的妇女”、“在月亮的那边,有座3000米高的山”之类的陈述,在当时的逻辑实证主义者看来,都是没有意义的,因为它们均无法检验、无法证实。n莱昂斯(Lyons)指出:“当时的观点认为,唯一对哲学有价值的语言功能是用来作出真假陈述的功能。”理论的发展历程理论的发展历程 n 奥斯汀的言语行为理论在如何以言行事一书中有完整的表述。他先是提出“施事语句”和“述谓语句”区分说,但
19、是,由于“施事语句”概念本身的漏洞以及兴趣的扩展,他感到很难坚持“施事语句”和“述谓语句”之间的严格区分,转而提出一个更为一般的理论(即言语行为三分说)来处理言语行为问题。奥斯汀先后提出的这两个理论,既有联系又有重要的差异。Performatives and Constatives 施事语句与与述谓语句n1.performatives:施事(语)句nThe uttering of these sentences is,or is a part of,the doing of an action.n2.performative verb:施事动词n1:1 起初,上帝创造天地。1:2 地还没有定形
20、、混混沌沌,黑暗在深渊上面;上帝的灵覆煦在水面上。1:3 上帝说要有光;就有了光。1:4 上帝看光很好,上帝就把光暗分开了。1:5 上帝称光为昼,称暗为夜。有晚上有早晨是一日。1:6 上帝说众水之间要有穹苍,将水和水分开。1:7 上帝造了穹苍,将穹苍以下的水和穹苍以上的水分开就这样成了。n2012年5月8日,普京宣誓就任俄罗斯联邦总统n中美战略经济对话n3.constatives:述谓(语)句nThe type of utterances that are used to describe things are called constatives.n4.constative verb:述谓动
21、词n5.判断施事语句的条件:n felicity conditions 妥适条件nAnBnC对语句的分类对语句的评价标准述谓语句真假与否施事语句适当与否理论的发展历程:三分法取代二分法理论的发展历程:三分法取代二分法述谓语句constatives但Austin后来认为,这种二分法不可行;因为人们说所有的语句都是做事,故又提出了“施事行为理论”。说话行为核心语言学研究的范围施事行为语用学研究的范围施事语句performatives取效行为涉及心理、社会等因素,尚不明朗。n6.理论缺陷n7.Austin 尝试从词汇语法角度区分施事句与述谓句n8.失败n9.结论8.1.2 施事行为理论施事行为理论目
22、前的几种中文翻译1.说话行为1.言内行为1.以言表意1.言之发2.施事行为2.言外行为2.以言施事2.示言外之力3.取效行为3.言后行为3.以言取效3.收言后之果对对“说话行为说话行为”本身的三分本身的三分说说话话行行为为phonetic act 发声行为phatic act 发音行为rhetic act 表意行为n言内行为言内行为(Locutionary act)是指说出词、短语和分句的行为本身,是通过句法、词汇和音位来表达字面意义的行为。n言外行为言外行为(Illocutionary act)是指表达说话者的意图的行为,它是在说某些话时所实施的行为。n言后行言后行为(Perlocution
23、ary act)是指通过某些话所实施的行为,或讲某些话所导致的行为,它是语句所产生的后果或引起的变化,它是通过讲某些话所完成的行为。n 根据言语行为理论,我们说话的同时也是在实施某种行为。该理论认为,说话者说话时可能可能同时实施三种行为:n说话行为(locutionary act)n施事行为(illocutionary act)n取效行为(perlocutionary act)n例如,A对B说:“请把那把小刀递给我”。此时,A 所做出的言语行为并不仅限于说话行为本身,即不仅仅传达字面意思,而是在说话的同时,也做出了一个表示请求的施事行为,而B在领会了A的意思后,把小刀递给A,这就完成了取效行为
24、。According to Austins“How To Do Things With Words”,a speech act should be analyzed asa locutionary act:the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning,comprising phonetic,phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal,syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utteranceas well as an illocu
25、tionary act:the semantic illocutionary force of the utterance,thus its real,intended meaningand in certain cases a further perlocutionary act:its actual effect,whether intended or notnIn the speech act theory proposed by John Austin in How to Do Things with Words(1962),an utterance involves not only
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