系统解剖学6周围神经.ppt
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1、脊脊 神神 经经Spinal Nerves男男,24岁岁,背背部部被被刺刺伤伤,立立刻刻跌跌倒倒,两两下下肢肢失失去去运运动动。数数日日右右腿腿稍稍能能活活动动。又又过过一一周周后后右右下下肢肢几几乎乎恢恢复复了了运运动动,但但左左下下肢肢完完全全瘫瘫痪痪。检检查查发发现现:左左下下肢肢无无随随意意运运动动,腱腱反反射射亢亢进进,Babinski征征阳阳性性。右右侧侧躯躯干干胸胸骨骨剑剑突突水水平平以以下下和和右右下下肢肢痛痛、温温度度觉觉丧丧失失,但但触触觉觉、位位置置和和运运动动觉觉正正常常。左左侧侧躯躯干干剑剑突突以以下下和和左左下下肢肢痛痛、温温度觉完好,但度觉完好,但触觉减弱,位置和
2、运动觉丧失触觉减弱,位置和运动觉丧失。病例分析病例分析腱反射亢进腱反射亢进BabinskiBabinski征阳性征阳性左下肢完全瘫痪左下肢完全瘫痪右下肢痛、温度觉丧失右下肢痛、温度觉丧失左下肢位置觉、运动觉丧失左下肢位置觉、运动觉丧失上运动神经元损伤上运动神经元损伤背部被刺伤背部被刺伤脊髓损伤脊髓损伤左侧皮质脊髓束受损左侧皮质脊髓束受损左侧脊髓丘系受损左侧脊髓丘系受损左侧薄束受损左侧薄束受损T4胸髓左侧半边横断右侧剑突以下痛温度觉丧失右侧剑突以下痛温度觉丧失提问Answer questions1.侧角侧角2.脊神经节脊神经节用模型说明用模型说明及英文名称及英文名称提问Answer questi
3、ons1.侧角侧角2.脊神经节脊神经节3.纤维束纤维束4.脊髓丘脑束脊髓丘脑束Nervous Systemcentral N.S.brainspinal cordperipheral N.S.cranial n.spinal n.visceral n.Spinal Cordq 2 enlargements:cervical,lumbarq 1 cone:conus medullarisq 6 grooves and fissureq 2 groups of nerve roots anterior,posteriorq 31 segments C8,T12,L5,S5,Co1脊神经的区分脊神经
4、的区分Classification颈神经颈神经 cervical nerves胸神经胸神经 thoracic nerves腰神经腰神经 lumbar nerves骶神经骶神经 sacral nerves尾神经尾神经 coccygeal nerve8对对12对对5对对5对对1对对脊神经的组成脊神经的组成 formation后根后根posterior root前根前根anterior root脊神经节脊神经节spinal ganglion脊神经脊神经spinal nerve脊神经的纤维成分脊神经的纤维成分 Components内脏感觉纤维内脏感觉纤维Visceral sensory fibers躯
5、体感觉纤维躯体感觉纤维Somatic sensoryfibers躯体运动纤维躯体运动纤维Somatic motor fibers内脏运动纤维内脏运动纤维Visceral motor fibers 脊神经纤维成份脊神经纤维成份躯体感觉纤维躯体感觉纤维somatic sensory fiberssomatic sensory fiberssomatic sensory fiberssomatic sensory fibers躯体运动纤维躯体运动纤维somatic motor fiberssomatic motor fiberssomatic motor fiberssomatic motor fi
6、bers内脏感觉纤维内脏感觉纤维visceral sensory fibersvisceral sensory fibersvisceral sensory fibersvisceral sensory fibers内脏运动纤维内脏运动纤维visceral motor fibersvisceral motor fibersvisceral motor fibersvisceral motor fibers皮肤、骨骼肌和关节皮肤、骨骼肌和关节 skin,skeletal muscles,skin,skeletal muscles,joints joints心肌、平滑肌和腺体心肌、平滑肌和腺体 c
7、ardiac muscles,smoothcardiac muscles,smooth muscles,glands muscles,glands脊神经的分支脊神经的分支 branches后支后支posterior b.前支前支anterior b.脊神经节脊神经节spinal ganglion脊神经脊神经spinal nerve后根(感觉性)后根(感觉性)后根(感觉性)后根(感觉性)前根(运动性)前根(运动性)前根(运动性)前根(运动性)前支前支后支后支脊膜支脊膜支交通支交通支椎间孔椎间孔脊神经(混合性)脊神经(混合性)Anterior branch Communicating branch
8、 Posterior branchPosterior root脊神经的分支脊神经的分支 branchesAnterior rootBranches后支posterior branchesl人体后正中线附人体后正中线附近的皮肤和肌近的皮肤和肌l具节段性具节段性前支anterior branchl躯干和前外侧的皮躯干和前外侧的皮肤和肌肤和肌l仅胸神经具节段性仅胸神经具节段性颈丛颈丛 cervical plexus臂丛臂丛 brachial plexus胸神经胸神经 thoracic n.腰丛腰丛 lumbar plexus骶丛骶丛 sacral plexusSpinal nervesn nTher
9、e are 31 pairs of spinal nerves,which leave the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramina.Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by the anterior root and the posterior root.The anterior root consists of(somatic,visceral)motor fibers.The posterior root consists of(somatic,viscer
10、al)sensory fibers.The cell bodies of those nerve fibers are situated in the spinal ganglion.So each spinal nerve is made up of a mixture of motor and sensory fibers.Spinal nervesn nAfter emerging through the intervertebral foramen,a typical spinal nerve immediately divides into four branches:the men
11、ingeal branch,communicating branch,posterior and anterior branches.Except in thoracic nerves T2 through T1,the anterior branches of the spinal nerves combine and then slit again to form four plexuses of spinal nerves which are the cervical,the brachial,the lumbar,and the sacral plexuses.Composition:
12、C14Location:胸锁乳突肌胸锁乳突肌 上部的深面上部的深面Cervical plexus 颈丛颈丛浅支:浅支:Superficial branches枕小枕小N.N.耳大耳大N.N.颈横颈横N.N.锁骨上锁骨上N.N.深支深支 deep branches颈部大部分肌颈部大部分肌前斜角肌表面前斜角肌表面胸廓上口胸廓上口肺根前方肺根前方心包外侧心包外侧膈膈膈神经膈神经(C C3 3 5 5 ):phrenic n.Composition:C58 +T1 C5C6C7C8T1上干上干下干下干中干中干根根支支束束股股干干臂臂 丛丛 brachial plexus斜角肌间隙斜角肌间隙锁骨中点后方
13、锁骨中点后方腋窝腋窝腋动脉周围腋动脉周围Location:腋神经腋神经axillary n.后后束束穿穿四四边边孔孔 绕绕肱肱骨骨外外科科颈颈三三角肌角肌深面分布深面分布三角肌、小圆肌,三角肌、小圆肌,肩部和臂外侧上肩部和臂外侧上部皮肤部皮肤臂丛分支臂丛分支肌皮神经肌皮神经 musculocutaneous n.外侧束外侧束穿穿喙肱肌喙肱肌 肱肱二头肌二头肌深面至其外侧缘深面至其外侧缘改名为改名为前臂外侧皮神前臂外侧皮神经经(肘窝稍下方,穿深(肘窝稍下方,穿深筋膜)筋膜)喙肱肌、肱二头肌、喙肱肌、肱二头肌、肱肌、前臂外侧皮肱肌、前臂外侧皮肤肤正中神经正中神经median n.外侧束、内侧束外侧
14、束、内侧束肱肱二头肌二头肌内侧内侧穿过穿过旋旋前圆肌前圆肌(肘窝)(肘窝)指指深、浅屈肌深、浅屈肌之间(前之间(前臂)臂)腕管腕管手掌手掌 大部分前臂屈肌大部分前臂屈肌鱼际(拇收肌例鱼际(拇收肌例外)、外)、1 1,2 2蚓状蚓状肌肌尺神经尺神经ulnar n.内侧束内侧束尺神经尺神经沟沟伴伴尺动脉尺动脉下行下行(前臂)(前臂)腕关节腕关节近侧近侧5 5cmcm处分为手处分为手掌支、手背支掌支、手背支尺侧腕屈肌、指深尺侧腕屈肌、指深屈肌尺侧半、小鱼屈肌尺侧半、小鱼际肌、际肌、骨间肌骨间肌、3,4蚓状肌、拇收蚓状肌、拇收肌肌桡神经桡神经radial n.后束后束腋动脉腋动脉后方后方下行下行伴伴肱
15、深动脉肱深动脉桡神经沟桡神经沟、肱肌、肱肌与肱桡肌之间。与肱桡肌之间。臂、前臂后群所臂、前臂后群所有伸肌和肱桡肌有伸肌和肱桡肌;臂、前臂后面皮臂、前臂后面皮肤。肤。手掌、背面神经分布示意图手掌、背面神经分布示意图正中神经正中神经尺神经尺神经桡神经桡神经手部神经分布手部神经分布手掌正中三指半,剩下尺侧一指半;手背桡尺各一半,正中侵占三指半。肋间神经肋间神经intercostal n.肋下神经肋下神经subcostal n.Thoracic Nerve胸神经前支胸神经前支12对对T2 胸骨角平面胸骨角平面T4 男性乳头平面男性乳头平面T6 剑突平面剑突平面T8 肋弓平面肋弓平面T10 脐平面脐平面
16、T12-耻骨联合与脐耻骨联合与脐 连线中点平面连线中点平面腰丛腰丛lumbar plexus组成:组成:部分部分T12+L13+部分部分L4前支前支位置:位置:腹后壁,腰大肌深面腹后壁,腰大肌深面闭孔神经闭孔神经obturator n.股神经股神经 femoral n.髂肌与腰大肌髂肌与腰大肌之间下行之间下行 腹股沟韧带深腹股沟韧带深面面 股前部股前部 隐神经隐神经(终支)(终支)髌下、小腿内侧面、髌下、小腿内侧面、足内侧缘皮肤足内侧缘皮肤隐神经隐神经 saphenous n.大腿前群肌大腿前群肌股神经股神经 femoral n.闭孔神经闭孔神经 obturator n.腰大肌内侧缘腰大肌内侧
17、缘 循小骨循小骨盆侧壁盆侧壁 穿闭膜管穿闭膜管 出小出小骨盆骨盆 (前、后支)(前、后支)股内收股内收肌群肌群肌支:肌支:闭孔外肌、股内侧肌群闭孔外肌、股内侧肌群皮支:皮支:大腿内侧面皮肤大腿内侧面皮肤骶丛骶丛sacral plexus组组成成:L4,5(腰腰骶骶干干)+S15+Co1位位置置:盆盆腔腔后后壁壁,骶骶骨骨及及梨梨状状肌前方肌前方 u 臀上神经臀上神经 superior gluteal n.伴臀上动脉伴臀上动脉 梨状肌上孔梨状肌上孔 臀中、臀中、小肌、阔筋膜张肌小肌、阔筋膜张肌u 臀下神经臀下神经 inferior gluteal n.伴臀下动脉伴臀下动脉 梨状肌下孔梨状肌下孔
18、臀大肌臀大肌 骶丛分支骶丛分支 阴部神经阴部神经 pudendal n.伴阴部内动脉伴阴部内动脉 梨状肌下孔梨状肌下孔 坐骨小孔坐骨小孔 坐骨直肠窝坐骨直肠窝 肛门、会阴肌、皮肤肛门、会阴肌、皮肤 坐骨神经坐骨神经 sciatic n.梨状肌下孔梨状肌下孔 坐骨结节、坐骨结节、大转子之间大转子之间大腿后面,股大腿后面,股二头肌深面二头肌深面 腘窝上方腘窝上方 胫神经、腓总神经胫神经、腓总神经胫神经胫神经 tibial n.腘窝正中腘窝正中小腿后浅、深肌之间小腿后浅、深肌之间 内踝后方内踝后方足底内、外侧神经足底内、外侧神经 小腿后群肌、足底肌小腿后群肌、足底肌小腿后面、足底皮肤小腿后面、足底皮
19、肤腓总神经腓总神经 common peroneal n.股二头肌内侧向外下股二头肌内侧向外下 绕腓骨颈绕腓骨颈 穿腓骨长肌穿腓骨长肌 腓浅神经、腓深神经腓浅神经、腓深神经l 腓浅神经腓浅神经 superficial peroneal n.腓骨长、短肌及趾长伸肌间下行腓骨长、短肌及趾长伸肌间下行l 腓深神经腓深神经 deep peroneal n.伴胫前动脉伴胫前动脉 胫骨前肌、趾长胫骨前肌、趾长 伸肌间伸肌间 胫骨前肌、胫骨前肌、mumu长伸肌长伸肌 间间 足背足背1.1.Cervical plexus(C1 4)is located deep to the sternocleidomasto
20、id muscle.The phrenic nerve is an important one.2.2.Brachial plexus(C5-T1)supplies nerves to the upper limb.Its five important branches:axillary,musculocutaneous,median,ulnar and radial nerve.lThoracic nerves supply the skin of the thorax,the intercostal muscles,and the abdominal and back muscles.lL
21、umbar plexuse(T12-L4)is behind the psoas major.We should pay attention to the following nerve:femoral,obturator nerve.lSacral plexuse(L4-Co)is located to the anterior surface of the pirifomis.We should pay attention to the following nerve:sciatic,common peroneal,tibial nerve.The median nerve arises
22、by two roots from the lateral and medial cord of the brachial plexus,which embrace the axillary artery and descend with the brachial artery to the cubital fossa.Then it descends in front of the forearm and passes beneath the flexor retinaculum into the palm of the hand.It supply the most of the musc
23、les in front of the forearm except the brachioradialis,the flexor carpi ulnaris,the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus,the thenar muscles except for the adductor pollicis and the first and second lumbrical muscles.Its cutaneous branches distribute to the skin of thenar,central part of the
24、 palm,the palmar aspect of the thumb,second,third and the lateral half of the fourth fingers,as well as the skin on the dorsum of the terminal phalanges.The sciatic nerve leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis.Then it descends along the posterior compartment
25、 of the thigh to enter the popliteal fossa,and terminates by dividing into the tibial and common peroneal nerves.The branches of the sciatic nerve supply the muscles of the foot,leg and the posterior compartment of the thigh.It also supplies the skin of the leg and foot.小小 结结上、下肢肌的神经支配上、下肢肌的神经支配上、下肢
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