心理学专业英语基础1-2章.ppt
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1、心理学专业英语心理学专业英语English for Psychology1上课时间:上课时间:118周周补课(13周)每周四下午每周四下午56节节10月6日,国庆节假期平时成绩:平时成绩:30%期末考试时间:期末考试时间:1月月713日日2课程目的课程目的 AimsTo improve reading and listening skills提升读、听技能To enlarge vocabulary of psychology扩大心理学词汇量To foster basic translation skills提升基础的翻译技能To broaden knowledge of the culture
2、s and societies of the world扩展关于世界各文化、社会的知识3推荐阅读推荐阅读 Reading4心理学心理学专业专业英英语语基基础础(图图示教程)示教程)Advanced Psychology through Diagrams推荐阅读推荐阅读 Reading改变心理学的改变心理学的40项研究(中文版,英文版)项研究(中文版,英文版)Forty Studies that Changed Psychology5推荐阅读推荐阅读 Reading心理学与生活(中文版,英文版)心理学与生活(中文版,英文版)Psychology and Life6参考参考 Resources常用
3、英语字典常用英语字典牛津朗文7参考参考 Resources现代英汉现代英汉-汉英心理学词汇汉英心理学词汇8参考参考 ResourcesCNKI 翻译助手9CHAPTER 1What is Psychology?10What is Psychology?1.Definitions2.The history of psychologyWhere did psychology come from?When did psychology started?How did psychology develop?11Definitions1.DEFINITIONS:The word Psychology i
4、s derived from two Greek roots:Psyche,meaning mind or soul and Logos,meaning study of.心理学这个单词是由psyche和logos这两个希腊词派生出来的,psyche的意思是心灵或精神,logos的意思是对研究。12derive:派生roots:词根mind:心灵;精神soul:灵魂;心灵;精神DefinitionsPsychology,therefore,literally means study of the mind.因此,从字面上来讲,心理的意思就是对于心灵(意识)的研究。13therefore:因此l
5、iterally:根据字面意思DefinitionsHowever,a more recent definition by Atkinson et al(1991)suggests that psychology is:The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes然而,Atkinson(1991)等人提出了一个较新的定义,“心理学是对于行为与心理过程的科学研究”。心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。14suggest:认为,建议,提议DefinitionsJust giving this simple definition,howe
6、ver,is a bit misleading,since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject and how it should be studied.15Definitions然而,仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义,会有一点误导,因为无论是在历史上还是现在,心理学家不仅对
7、于心理学的定义没有达成一致,而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。16subject:主题,科目misleading:误导的,令人误解的,引入歧途The history of psychology2.THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYWhere did psychology come from?When did psychology started?How did psychology develop?17Where did psychology come from?心理学的起源?心理学的起源?心理学是从三个主要的研究领域发展而来的:哲学、生物学、物
8、理学。18WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM?Psychology developed from three main areas of study:PHILOSOPHYBIOLOGYPHYSICSPhilosophy:哲学Biology:生物学Physics:物理学PHILOSOPHYMany of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristo
9、tle in the 5th century BC.心理学研究的很多问题,是由希腊哲学家最先清晰提出(概要)的。比如说公元前5世纪的Socrates,Plato,Aristotle等。19investigate:调查,研究,探讨outline:概述,提出的纲要such as:像,诸如,例如用于举例PHILOSOPHYTwo more recent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were:1.Empiricism-which argued that humans should only
10、 measure data that is objectively observable,such as behaviour.2.Positivism-which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.20PHILOSOPHY当今对于心理学作为科学的发展,对于它的两个哲学性影响是:1.经验主义认为人们只能去测量可以客观观测的数据,比如说行为。2.实证主义认为(自然)科学的原理的方法应该被应用于人类行为的研究中。21argue:认为,提出观点,辩论BIOLOGY
11、Biology has two important influences:生物学对于心理学学科发展有着两方面的重要影响。22BIOLOGY1.Evolution-Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals.The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.23B
12、IOLOGY1.进化论Darwin认为人类是从别的动物进化而来的。基因理论(遗传学)是由其理论发展而来的,在基因领域的发现,对于研究和理解行为有重大的影响。24suggestion:建议,意见,观点implication:含义,影响,(可引申为意义)Evolution:进化论BIOLOGY2.Physiology-the discoveries,mostly by the medical profession,of the structure and function of the brain,nervous,and endocrine system have significantly co
13、ntributed to the understanding of behaviour.25BIOLOGY2.生理学领域,尤其是医疗行业,对脑,神经,内分泌系统的结构和功能的发现,对于理解行为有重大的贡献。26physiology:生理学medical profession:医疗职业endocrine system:内分泌系统significantly:重大地,客观地PHYSICSPhysicist,such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics)in
14、 the nineteenth century,with some success.物理学家,比如说Fechner在19世纪开始将其研究领域开拓到人类行为与经验(领域),取得了一些成功。Fechner在19世纪开创了针对人类的行为与经验的学科心理物理学,并取得了一些成功。27psychophysics:心理物理学When did psychology started?The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline,since it was when W
15、ilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig.1879年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立的科学学科的开始时间,因为这时Wundt在Leipzig创建了第一个心理学实验室。28discipline:学科Leipzig:莱比锡When did psychology started?Wundt is,therefore,regarded as the“founding father”of psychology,although Americans tend to suggest that William James sh
16、ould have this honor since his 1890 book(which took 12 years to write)entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.29When did psychology started?因此,Wu
17、ndt被认为是心理学之父,但美国人倾向于认为应该是William James拥有这个荣誉。因为他在1890年出版了,用12年写成的心理学原理,这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大的标志性事件。此外,James在1875年就开始在Harvard University(哈佛大学)教授一门关于生理学与心理学的关系的课程。30lStructuralismlFunctionalismlPsychoanalysislBehaviorismlCognitive psychologylHumanistic approachlBiological approach心理学是如何发展的?结构主义、功能主义(机能主义)、
18、精神分析、行为主义、认知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法(生理心理学)approach:接近;方法;途径 HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?StructuralismStructuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studi
19、ed by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its component parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.investigate:调查,研究pioneered:倡导;作先驱 conscious:意识 introspection:内省images:表象sensation:感觉feelin
20、gs:情感object:对象,客体 StructuralismStructuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experie
21、nce)in order to break it down into its component parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.结构主义是第一个研究心理学的方法,是由冯特本人提出来的,他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识,而且应该是用内省(向内探查自己的体验)的方法去研究,目的是将其分解为各个部分(比如说,表象,感觉,情感),就像化学科学研究化学品一样。One structuralist,Titchener,claimed ther
22、e were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind,but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.结构主义者之一,Tichener声称共有46078种基本的感觉,联合起来构成了人类意识的结构,但是这种方法在解释方面存在很大的局限,因此被功能主义取代了。claimed:声称;宣称;断言 StructuralismFun
23、ctionalism Functionalism-the approach William James advocated.James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional,to survive and adapt,so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for.这种方法是由William James提出的。James受Darwin观点的影响,认为意识的工作方式是功能性的,是为了生存与适应
24、,因此,我们应该研究行为和思想的原因。What for:为什么;为何目的 advocated:提倡,主张,拥护 FunctionalismMany of Jamess insights remain valid today,but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.insight:眼光,洞察力valid:有效的,有根据的;正当的 supersede:取代,代替James的很多观点在今天看来仍然
25、是有用的,但是功能主义却被始于世纪之交的两种更强大(有说服力)的方法取代了。PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria,but in many major books,such as The interpretation of dreams(1900),Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that ha
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