专题一初中英语句子成分及基本句型ppt.ppt

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1、GrammarGrammarsentences1句子成分Parts of the Sentence2概念：概念：组成句子的各个部分，即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语，主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。3句子成份句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（subject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（predicate group）句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状4Members of sentence:S-subjectP-predicative O-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverbOc-o

2、bject complement predicate主主宾宾表表补补定定状状谓谓5主语（subject）主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么是什么”或或“是谁是谁”。一般由一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的，也有从句充当的现象。现象。大多数主语都在大多数主语都在句首。句首。6主语（主语（subject）:句子的主体，全句述说的对象句子的主体，全句述说的对象，一般位于句首，一般位于句首The sun rises in the east.（名词）（名词）He likes da

3、ncing.（代词）（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词数词)Seeing is believing.（动名词）（动名词）7讲述讲述“谁谁”We work in a big factory.讲述讲述“什么什么”The classroom is very big.数词作主语数词作主语Three are enough.三个人就够了三个人就够了不定式作主语不定式作主语To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语从句作主语What we need is food.我们

4、最需要的是食物我们最需要的是食物.在在“There be”句型中，主语的位置在中间。句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：如：There are some bottles of milk in the box.8在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用用it作形式主语。作形式主语。如：如：It is very interesting to play the game called“treat or trick”.It took two workers about three months to build the house.9To see is to b

5、elieve.（不定式）（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.形式主语形式主语真正主语真正主语It=that the elephant is round and tall like a tree10The rich should help the poor.名词化的形容词名词化的形容词111.Doexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.2.Eattoomuchmeatisbadforyourhealth.V

6、.不能做主语！不能做主语！12指出下列句中主语的中心词指出下列句中主语的中心词Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.介介词词不能作主不能作主语语Thereisanoldmancominghere.There is an apple on the table.An apple is there on the table.13Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult

7、.14找出下面句子的主语找出下面句子的主语1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou.3.Cleaningthehouseneedsalotoftime.主语小测主语小测15单选：单选：1.Marywithhertwodaughters_goingtoShanghaiforExplo 2010 nextmonth.A.areB.wasC.isD.were2._moreexercisedoesgoodtoyourhealth.A.DoB.DoesC.DidD.Doing3._isimpossibletofinis

8、hthisjobbeforeWednesday.A.ThatB.ThisC.ItD.They16谓语谓语（predicate）：说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样。常置于常置于主语后。主语后。由由动词充当动词充当，主语和谓语在人称和数上必须，主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致。保持一致。谓语动词存在多种时态，它是句子的核心。谓语动词存在多种时态，它是句子的核心。17He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.18谓语（谓语（

9、predicate）:是对主语加以陈述，表示是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。担任，放在主语的后面。Iloveyou!Theywenttosleepverylatelastnight.Hepractisesrunningeverymorning.19Theplanetookoffat10oclock.Howoftendoyougoshopping?Whydidntyoucomebacklastnight?简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成20Youmaykeepthebook

10、fortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcough.Wearesudents.Thatideasoundsgreat!复合谓语：复合谓语：1.情态动词情态动词助动词助动词+v 2.系动词系动词+adj.21Open the door,please!Go and get some water for me.Dont laugh at others!Dont come back late tonight.祈使句：祈使句：1.省略主语省略主语you2.谓语动词用原形谓语动词用原形22找出下列句子的谓语找出下列句子的谓语Idontlikethepictureonthewall.Theda

11、ysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?23Tomdidntdohishomeworkyesterday.Wehadbettersendforadoctor.Heisinterestedinmusic.Whomdidyougivemybookto?11.Putawayyourbooksrightnow!24按要求找出下列句子的主谓：按要求找出下列句子的主谓：1.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.（主谓

12、）（主谓）2.Hebrokeapieceofglass.（谓）（谓）3.Dontgetnervous，andhelpyourselftowhatyoulike（主谓）（主谓）4.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.（主谓）（主谓）5.Therearemanypeopleinthehall.（主）（主）6.Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup?（主谓）（主谓）主谓小测主谓小测祈使句祈使句,省略主语省略主语you251.Itisdifficultforme_somuchworkwithinonenight.Ca

13、nyouhelpme?A.finishB.finishingC.tofinishD.finished2.Johnwithtwoofhisfriends_toplaybasketballeverySundayafternoon.A.goB.wentC.goesD.gone单选：单选：Itsadj.forsbtodosth.做某事对某人来说是做某事对某人来说是的的形式主语形式主语真正的主语真正的主语 to finish263._upearly,oryouwillmisstheearlybus.A.GotB.GetC.GettingD.Gets4._upearlyisgoodforyourhealt

14、h.A.GotB.GetC.GettingD.Gets5.Wow!Thecaketastes_!CanIhaveonemore?A.wellB.deliciouslyC.badD.good祈使句，谓语动词用原形祈使句，谓语动词用原形动名词做主语动名词做主语感官动词感官动词+adj.27表语表语（predicative）：说明主语是说明或怎么样，说明主语是说明或怎么样，由由名词、形容词、数词、副词、名词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、句子等充当不定式、介词短语、句子等充当。它的位置在系动词后面。它的位置在系动词后面。28 形容词作表语形容词作表语You look younger than

15、 before.名词作表语名词作表语 My father is a teacher.副词作表语副词作表语Everyone is here.介词短语作表语介词短语作表语They are at the theatre.不定式作表语不定式作表语My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语从句作表语That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.29宾语宾语（object）:表示动作、行为的对象，表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、由名

16、词、代词、不定式、V-ing、从句充当，、从句充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。它和谓语和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。词后面。有时，会有双宾语。30如：如：名词作宾语名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed livi

17、ng in China.从句做宾语从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.31直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。用名词或代词来充当。如：如：We brought them so

18、me food.主主 谓谓 间宾间宾 直宾直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或或 for。32宾语的补足语（object complement）在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补宾语宾语补足语足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动

19、词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语分词都可以作宾语补足语.33名词作宾补名词作宾补If you let me go,Ill make you king.形容词作宾补形容词作宾补Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.省略省略to的不定式作宾补的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带带to的不定式

20、作宾补的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.34在英语中在英语中,常见的常见的“宾语宾语补足语宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：的结构有：“宾语宾语+名词名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：。常用于改结构的动词有：call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。等。We call him Jack.They made Li Lei their

21、 monitor.“宾语宾语+形容词形容词”。常见的动词有。常见的动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?35“宾语宾语+副词副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系

22、。关系。常见的副词有：常见的副词有：down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：等。如：Let him in/out.Mr.Li drove us home.When got there,we found him out.“宾语宾语+介词短语介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：态，两者有主表的关系。如：We found everything in good order.We regard him as our good friend.He opened t

23、he door and found some of his friends in the rain.36“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种：A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.B 要求不带to 的不定式 let,make,see,hear,watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.I often hear him read English in his room.C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps

24、her mother(to)do housework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。I had my bike stolen.The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.37 形式宾语形容词We found it impossi

25、ble to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr.Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.38动宾表示行为的对象，放在及物动词或表示行为的对象，放在及物动词或者介词之后。者介词之后。IlikeChina.Hehatesyou.Howmanydoyouneed?WeneedtwoWeshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.Ien

26、joyworkingwithyouIhopetoseeyouagain.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?39Heisafraidofher-hisheadteacher.Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.介介词词后面的后面的宾语宾语：介介宾宾注意：人称代注意：人称代词词要用要用宾宾格格Idecidedtogowith_.A.heB.hisC.herD.theyE.she40Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.间间接接宾语宾语(sb)+直接直接宾语宾语(sth)：双双宾宾41Ithinkit

27、hardtofinishthisdifficultjobbeforeSunday.形式宾语形式宾语真正宾语真正宾语42Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourjob.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?找出下列句子的宾语找出下列句子的宾语435.Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?6.Theoldmansittingatthegatesa

28、idhewasill.7.Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.8.Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.9.Theythinkitimpossibletogettothestationinsuchashorttime.44定语（attributive）：用来修饰名词或代词。由形容词、代词、用来修饰名词或代词。由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、从句充当。数词、介词短语、不定式、从句充当。单词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语单词作定语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或句子作定语放在被修饰才之后。或句子作定语放在被修

29、饰才之后。45定语（attributive）定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。代词的地方都可以有定语。46形容词作定语形容词作定语 The black bike is mine.代词作定语代词作定语 W

30、hats your name?名词作定语名词作定语They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three,Grade One.不定式作短语不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink.从句作定语从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.47 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置

31、定语后置定语”。修饰不定代词修饰不定代词 something,anything,nothing,something,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobody 的的定语必须后置。如：定语必须后置。如：Well go to have something English.If you dont know the answer,ask someone else.Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如：介词短语作定语时要后置。如：Do you know the boy behind the tree?The st

32、udents in the room are all my friends.I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.48动词的不定式作定语时要后置动词的不定式作定语时要后置What about something to drink?I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注注 动词不定式作主语时，动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭或

33、相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。配的介词或副词是不能少的。Do you have any piece of music to listen to?nearby,below,downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：后置。如：We are at the top of the hill.Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby

34、at once.49状语（adverbial）：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、条件、目的、方式、程度等等。目的、方式、程度等等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充通常由副词、介词短语、不定式或句子充当。（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，当。（若在同一句子中出现多个不同状语，常见的常见的4个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、个的顺序为：方式状语、目的状语、地点状语、时间状语。）地点状语、时间状语。）50状语状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的

35、、方式、它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：句中。如：He did it carefully They missed me very much.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.When I was

36、young,I could swim well.51副词作状语的位置：副词作状语的位置：放在句中修饰动词，通常是放在句中修饰动词，通常是be动词之后，实义动词之后，实义动词之前，动词之前，助动词和实义动词之间，如助动词和实义动词之间，如usually,often，sometime，seldom，never，also，only，ever，still放在句末修饰动词，如放在句末修饰动词，如very much，a lot，quickly，fast，high，slowly修饰形容词或副词时反复在它们前面，如修饰形容词或副词时反复在它们前面，如very good，so early有的副词在句子中位置灵活，如有的副词在句子中位置灵活，如already，only，sometime52典型例题53