研究生英语写作.ppt

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1、1Lecture 02Instructor Zheng Li 郑郑 莉莉 Office Place:Rm.310,Building 7C,East Campus2Overview In this lecture,you will learnPossibilities for Starting the Expository Essays,and How to write the conclusion.3Preview What is exposition?Exposition is writing that explains or gives information.Patterns of Ex

2、positionCharacteristics of an Expository EssayIntroduction and thesis statement4Possibilities for Starting the Expository EssaysAnecdotePersonal ExperienceDescriptionQuestionQuotationAnalogyDefinitionShocking StatementBackground Information5Anecdote While sitting by the concrete fountain in the mall

3、,I noticed a pudgy man in a red-and-yellow T-shirt.It wasnt his protruding belly that caught my attention;I was drawn to the message on the front of his shirt.Above his sagging waistline was a map of Japan with two stars on it and above the map,the line“Two Bombs Were Not Enough.”Who knows what reas

4、ons he had for wearing such ad display of tastelessness,but it is typical of all those offensive little bumper stickers and T-shirt messages that assault us every day.Each one makes us a little less inventive to the next assault.Our culture is reveling in an orgy of bad taste,and no one seems to min

5、d.6Personal ExperienceI came to the United States one year ago and I had no idea about life in the United States and American traditions,except that life was complicated and people were strange.At the time I arrived at J.F.Kennedy Airport,I felt very happy because I was fond of traveling around the

6、world.Coming to America had been one of my dreams.A few minutes later,however,I felt afraid.I asked myself why I had come to this strange world and what I was doing here.I remembered what my friends at home said about Americans treating strangers.After I attended college,however,I discovered the opp

7、osite of what I had expected:Americans are friendly to strangers.7Description She does not go out of her way for most people;she almost never gives a party;she rarely invites people to dinner;she seldom calls anyone on the phone.Most people tend to bore her.Is she an unhappy,maladjusted recluse?Quit

8、e to the contrary,people are attracted to her because she is well adjusted.I admire my friend Anne Lee because she is self-assured and discriminating.8Question Do you see the glass half-full rather than half empty?Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut,not upon the hole?Suddenly these clichs are sci

9、entific questions,as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.9Quotation About one of mans frailties Thomas Wolfe wrote,“he talks of the future and he wastes it as it comes.”This observation is related to a principle by which I try(without always succeeding)to live.I believe living in t

10、he present because it is futile to dwell on the past,to worry about the future,to miss anything in the only reality I know.10AnalogyEverybody sweats,including me,Richard Simmons,Ronald Reagan and probably you,too.Just what do I sweat over?I sweat over tests,over art critiques,over silly things like

11、my car,friends,family.I sweat when I exercise,and always when I write.Just the mention of writing invariably makes me sweat because it reminds me of exercising.Writing,exercising,sweatingtheyre all the same in my little book of life.11Definition Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have g

12、overned my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passion,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course,over a deep ocean of anguish,reaching to the verge of despair.12Shocking StatementFor many people tod

13、ay,reading is no longer relaxation.To keep up with their work they must read letters,reports,trade publications,interoffice communications:a never-ending flood of words.In getting a job or advancing in one,the ability to read and comprehend quickly can mean the difference between success and failure

14、.Yet the important fact is that most of us are poor readers.13Background InformationEach fall a new crop of first-year college students,wavering between high hopes for the future and intense anxiety about their new status,scan college maps searching for their classrooms.They have been told repeatedl

15、y that college is the key to a well-paying job,and they certainly dont want to support themselves by flipping hamburgers or working at some dead-end job.So,notebooks at the ready,they await what a college has in store.Unfortunately many of themindeed over thirty percentwill not return after the firs

16、t year.Why do so many students leave?There are several reasons.Some find the academic program too hard;some lack the proper study habits or motivation;others fall victim to the temptations of the college environment,and a large group leave for personal reasons.14Conclusion Forms of Writing the Final

17、 CommentRestatementSummary Restatement and SummaryFinal Evaluation of the SubjectPrediction of the Future Warning That Alerts the ReaderWitty Remark That Impresses the ReaderStatement of the Essays Broader Implications15RestatementThesis:Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of goo

18、d health.Restatement:Circumstances and people are constantly changing.Some friendships last forever;others do not.Nevertheless,friendship is an essential ingredient in the making of a healthy and rewarding life.16SummaryThesis:Although there is a period of about 200 years between the two music giant

19、s,they are similar in certain ways.Summary:The names of Beethoven and Lenon are inscribed on the monument to the history of music.They will always be remembered for their unique styles,great productivity,and indomitable personalities.17Restatement and SummaryThesis:Soap operas have gained tremendous

20、 popularity by creating a more desirable lifestyle for modern viewers.Restatement and Summary:Soap operas are popular not because they are mindless drivel formulated to distract us from our daily chores,but because they present life as many of us want it to be:fast-paced,glamorous,and full of exciti

21、ng characters.18Final Evaluation of the SubjectThe renewed enthusiasm in graduate studies is caused by the wish for a better life,the pressure of challenge and the drive to accomplish ones goal.It is shaped by society,but in turn,it also helps to shape and benefit society.19Prediction of the FutureT

22、he great advantage to shorter workweek is that workers have more time off to themselves and their families.However,considering the financial demands upon American families in the future,it may also become common for workers to hold down to two full-time jobs at one time.Given the American works ethi

23、c,most workers will probably fill their free time with more work instead of more leisure.20Warning That Alerts the ReaderFinally,when we use a euphemism,we should be aware that we are trying to make an idea more acceptable.At times,this may be preferable,but lets not forget that euphemisms camouflag

24、e reality.After all,“coloring the truth”is still lying.21Witty Remark That Impresses the ReaderMany of us tend to use long words to speak our minds.If they say just what we want,that is okay.However,if big words make the way dark for those who hear what we say and read what we write,we might as well

25、 use small words.Like fast friends,they wont let us down.22Statement of the Essays Broader ImplicationsIn conclusion,although the twentieth century has indeed given us a lot of advantages by making us richer,healthier and freer to enjoy our lives,it has not made us wiser.The twentieth century has ma

26、de our Earth dirtier,our people less humane,and our spiritual lives poorer.We should continue to enjoy the benefits of technological advancements because they have given us freedom to pursue our interests and goals.However,we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural environment for futur

27、e generations.Moreover,we should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in an increasingly impersonal and mechanized society.23Tips on Writing the Concluding ParagraphStart with a narrow statement to connect the concluding paragraph with the previous one.Avoid bringing in any new topic.

28、Maintain the same tone as in the rest of the essay.Dont apologize that you cant offer profound analysis.End the essay briefly and naturally.24Compare the two pair of concluding paragraphs.Which ones are more effective and why?Science fiction movies are creators of human emotion.They offer people eno

29、ugh room to set free their imagination and creativity.In science fiction movies,people get what they cant get but hope to gain.They are totally free,so they can enjoy themselves.Science fiction movies are creators of human emotion.They fulfill the dream of getting what people cant get but hope to ge

30、t in real life.More important,science fiction offers vast room to set free their imagination and creativity for exploring the unknown,mysterious world and satisfy their need of making it better.No wonder producers enjoy making them;audience feel much exhilaration when watching them.25No doubt,all of

31、 us feel varying degrees of stress which gives us discomfort.On the other hand,stress can affect us in a positive way.Controlled and handled properly,it can turn into a driving force which spurs us forward.To bring it under control,the first and foremost step is to identify the causes of stress.No d

32、oubt,each of us hates too much stress lingering on our mind.Under too much stress,we feel uncomfortable.What is more,the proper level of stress can be changed into a driving force which does us good.So we have every right to know the causes of stress,eliminate stress or change it.26AssignmentsWrite an introduction and a conclusion including the thesis statement on one of the topics given.1.A Popular Sport2.My Most Difficult Subject in College3.Advertisements4.Campus Problems5.Violence on TV