英语科技论文写作5文献句型.ppt

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1、英语科技论文写作致谢（致谢（Acknowledg(e)ment(s)）这一部分也不是每篇论文所必需的。但论文中的内这一部分也不是每篇论文所必需的。但论文中的内容涉及别人对作者的帮助，则必须要提出致谢。常用的容涉及别人对作者的帮助，则必须要提出致谢。常用的句型有：句型有：nId like to thank nThe author wishes to express his sincere thanks tonId like to acknowledge nI acknowledgenGrateful acknowledgement is made to nI would like to expr

2、ess my gratitude to句型库句型库_ _研究目的研究目的uThis problem is concerned(deals,bears)(chiefly,largely,mainly)with.uThis is a problem relating to.uOur work is devoted touThe primary goal of the present research isuThe work presented in this paper focuses inuThe chief aim of this study isuThe laboratory study d

3、emonstrates(suggests,indicates,reveals,establishes)句型库句型库_ _引言引言_ _研究背景及历史研究背景及历史uThis problem was(first)advanced byuThe problem under discussion was formulated(raised,posed,brought up,put forward)byuSince then the problem has attracted(fascinated)many scientists(workers in this field).uThis problem

4、 has been clarified(elucidated,solved)uThe problem as can be seen(as is known)is(still)poorly(inadequately)understood.句型库句型库_ _引言引言_ _问题的难易问题的难易uIt seems(exceedingly,enormously)difficult to obtain knowledge of the problemuIt proves(quite,totally)impossible(unrealistic)to tryuIt is rather difficult t

5、o solve the problemuThe problem is rather involved.uThe problem involves(certain,tremendous)difficulties.uIt is easy to present(review,analyze,discuss)the problem in all its complexity(in very detail).uIt is no easy task to gain an insight into the intricate detail of句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _理论说明理论说明uOur the

6、ory is based on the assumption thatuThis theory proceeds from the idea(principle)ofuThe underlying concept of the theory is as follows.uThere is a similar(a tentative,an alternative)theory thatuThe basic(fundamental,essential)feature of this theory isuThe object of this theory is to句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _公

7、式推导公式推导u is given by:u as follows：u as in the following：uThe following equation is obtained.uThis becomesuTherefore,we haveu can be expressed asu can be derived:u can be written:u can be described byu can be represented as句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _方法介绍方法介绍l引用已有方法uThe method of was first developed byuThe metho

8、d of came into use as long ago asuThe original proposal of this method was first published in句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _方法介绍方法介绍l提出新方法uThe method we use differs(greatly,essentially)from the conventional one.uThe newly-elaborated technique is different from the one previously used.uThe method is now greatly imp

9、roved句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _方法介绍方法介绍l方法的评价uThe procedure we followed has certain advantages over the existing method.uThis method has many advantages over those available(the exiting ones).uThis method is advantageous in many respects(as)compared with those available(the exiting ones).uOne of the assets of

10、 this technique is its simplicity(reliability,sensitivity).句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _实验描述实验描述l实验目的uWe made(carried out,performed,initiated)this experiment to show(demonstrate,elucidate,evaluate)a correlation between(certain phenomena,the mechanism of the hypothesis of,some features of)uExperiment on are made(

11、underway)touEarlier(previous)experiments with this technique were intended(designed,designated)to句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _实验描述实验描述l实验导致的结论uThe experiments reported here demonstrate a variety of changes in(a correlation between,a much resistance to)uOur experiments with furnish some new information(further da

12、ta,new evidence)about the mechanism(the effluence)ofuOur experiment supports our assumption(hypothesis,evidence)thatuFurther experiments in this area lead us to conclude(believe,suggest)thatuFrom these experiments we can conclude that句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _实验描述实验描述uOn the basis of these data(From these dat

13、a)one can conclude thatuOn the basis of these data(From these data)it can be concluded that uThese data lead us to a conclusion thatuThese data lead us to conclude thatuThese data enable us to conclude thatuThis experiment failed to show(demonstrate)u this experiment has not shown(demonstrated)句型库句型

14、库_ _正文正文_ _结果和结论结果和结论l结果的意义uThe results presented in this paper are(seem)uThe findings reported here is(quite)striking(remarkable,fascinating).uThese preliminary findings are very reliable(encouraging,promising,convincing,ambiguous).uThe results reported here prove(confirm,support,bear out)the hypot

15、hesis,assumption,obseration)that句型库句型库_ _正文正文_ _结果和结论结果和结论l导致结论uThe findings suggest thatuThese findings lead the author to conclusion thatuOur data leave open the question of whetheruIn the future,we will extend the present studies touOur work has contributed to the understanding ofuThe research wo

16、rk has brought about a discovery ofuFurther progress can be provided by this experiment.句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型1 1、对、对A A和和B B的比较表明的比较表明uA comparison of A and BuA comparison of A with B shows thatuA comparison between A and B2 2、现有的、现有的uavailableu the existing u the current 句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型3 3、所产

17、生的、所产生的uThe resultant uThe resulting 4 4、该理论认为、该理论认为uThe theory holds(maintains,claims,implies)that 5 5、这个理论来源于、这个理论来源于uThe theory comes(stems,emerges,originates)fromuThe theory is obtained(provided,furnished)from句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型6 6、本章论述了、本章论述了uThis chapter deals with(treats,covers,describes,di

18、scusses,involves,bears on)uThis chapter is confined to(devoted to,concerned with)7 7、与、与成反比成反比u be inversely proportional to u vary inversely withu depend inversely with句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型8 8、A A随随B B的变化曲线图的变化曲线图u the graph(plot)of A as a function of Bu the graph(plot)of A versus(against)Bu the gr

19、aph(plot)of the dependence of A on(upon)Bu the graph(plot)of the variation of A with B句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型9 9、保持不变保持不变u remain constantu stay unchangedu be kept fixed u be held the sameu be maintained unalteredu be left 句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型1010、获得的结果与计算机模拟相一致、获得的结果与计算机模拟相一致 agrees with is in agree

20、ment withThe result is in line with the computer simulation.obtainedis consistent with fits into 句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型1111、得到了广泛的应用、得到了广泛的应用u be widely usedu be in wide useu be widely in useu find wide application(use)1212、表示了表示了uA is an indication ofuA gives an indication of uA indicatesuA is indic

21、ative of 句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型1313、把、把MM代入代入N N（我们）得到（我们）得到uSubstituting M in(into)N,we obtain(have or get)gives(yields,produces)uSubstituting M into(in)N results in leads to 句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型1414、该试验未能说明、该试验未能说明uThis experiment failed to show(demonstrate)uThis experiment has not shown 1515、我们做了

22、很多实验来验证这一理论、我们做了很多实验来验证这一理论preformedA lot of experiments are done to test(verify,made prove,check)conducted the 句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型1616、前面的例子表明、前面的例子表明previous The preceding examples shows that forgoing1717、这是由、这是由引起的引起的 is due to gives rise toThis leads to results in arises from句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常

23、用句型1818、问题的关键是、问题的关键是The key to the problem is The cruxThe heart of the problem is The main aspectThe essence句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型1919、这需要进一步的研究、这需要进一步的研究 bears research deserves effortThis demands further study requires work calls for investigation句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型2020、分成两大类分成两大类 fall into majo

24、r are divided into two general groups are classified into broad classes are of main categories There are two major groups of 句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型2121、该研究的主要目的在于、该研究的主要目的在于 chief aim main purposeThe primary object of the study is major objective principal goal句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型in the hope of(that

25、)with the view to do uThe study has been started in order to do to the end that so thatuThe study is intended(designed)to do uPerforming the study we hope that intend to do(expect to do)句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型2222、方程表明、方程表明 indicates implies shows suggestsdemonstrates This equation reveals established

26、 bears out confirms supports favors provides句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型2323、的体积小（质量好，重量轻，价格低）的体积小（质量好，重量轻，价格低）u small in size(good in quality,light in weight,low in price)2424、毫无疑问毫无疑问uThere is no doubt that uThere is no question that uWithout doubt(question),uBeyond doubt(question),uNo(out of)doubt,句型库句型

27、库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型2525、该式适用于、该式适用于（对（对是成立的）是成立的）holds forholds true forThis equation is true for is valid forapplies to句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型2626、这与、这与没有（几乎没有，有一点，有很多）共同之处。没有（几乎没有，有一点，有很多）共同之处。uThis has nothing(little,something,much)in common with 2727、最好是、最好是uIt is(most)desirable to(do)that uIt would

28、be best if 句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型2828、这一点应受到（引起）我们的重视（关注）。、这一点应受到（引起）我们的重视（关注）。arouseattract This should gainour attention.havereceive句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型2929、这是与、这是与有关的问题。有关的问题。concerned withconcerningrelated to This is a problemrelating tobearing ondealing with句型库句型库_ _其它其它常用句型常用句型3030、他们是根据、他们是根据

29、而提出了这一理论。而提出了这一理论。put forward advanced developed proposedis based onThey suggested this theory,whichrests on createdproceeds from constructed formulated elabrated科技论文写作中的词汇科技论文写作中的词汇 科技论文中大量使用各学科的专门术语，还经常使用一些日常语言中不怎么使用的书面词汇，主要是突出科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征，同时应避免使用浮华、带有感情色彩的词语，当然并不是说科技论文中不使用普通词汇。另外，一些动词短语往往由正式动词替

30、代，以求简练。科技论文写作中的词汇科技论文写作中的词汇普通英语词汇普通英语词汇 科技英语中的非技术词科技英语中的非技术词 about approximately ask inquire begin commence change transform finish complete get obtain have possess method technique quick rapid similar identical use employ,utilize enough sufficient by which whereby in which wherein in the end eventu

31、ally科技论文写作中的词汇科技论文写作中的词汇 动词短语动词短语 正式动词正式动词 turn on complete take in absorb put up erect put in add wear away erode take away remove use up consume,exhaust look over examine keep up maintain bring out introduce科技论文写作中的词汇科技论文写作中的词汇注意词汇的正确搭配，希望在阅读文献时注意摘录。注意词汇的正确搭配，希望在阅读文献时注意摘录。e.g.Three-phase slurry re

32、actor has several advantages over fixed-bed reactor.应避免口语中使用的词语，使句子比较稳重。应避免口语中使用的词语，使句子比较稳重。lots of(a lot of)many quite a few several 一般在科技论文中不使用生活或新闻报道中使用的缩略一般在科技论文中不使用生活或新闻报道中使用的缩略词语。词语。lab laboratory auto automobile ad advertisement科技论文写作中的词汇科技论文写作中的词汇趋于用名词来表示动作。趋于用名词来表示动作。Mass-transfer is compar

33、ed with heat-transfer.A comparison of mass-transfer with heat-transfer is made.The performance of this flow meter is analyzed.An analysis of the performance of this flow meter is made.E gives an indication of(indicates)activation energy.Fig.2-6 provides an illustration of(illustrates)the effect of r

34、eaction temperature on the yield.句子的特征句子的特征句子长，结构严谨。可采用三种手段处理句子。（1）with短语、形容词短语、分词短语等（2）with结构、分词独立结构等（3）各类从句，尤其是定语从句句子的特征句子的特征lWith(1)“with+某些抽象名词”等效于这些名词所对应的副词，但语气更强。uThese experiments should be done with care.uThis parameter can be measured with accuracy.(2)with 与vary,change,increase,decrease等动词连

35、用时可表示“随着”之意。uThe conductivity of a semiconductor varies with temperature,句子的特征句子的特征(3)将with用在句首可表示“对于，有了”等意思。uWith the alternating current,things are different.对于交流电来说，情况就不同了。uWith radar,we can see distant objects.有了雷达，我们可以看到远处的物体(4)可构成一种可构成一种“with结构结构”，其应用特别广泛。句子的特征句子的特征l“withwith结构结构”指以下的形式：分词介词短语

36、形容词（短语）with+名词（或代词）副词不定式短语名词（短语）句子的特征句子的特征u作状语作状语写作重点：处于句首表示条件、时间和原因，处于句尾表示附加说明、方式、条件。uWith friction present,a part of power has been lost as heat.由于存在摩擦，所以一部分功率作为热损耗掉了。uBoth practical design techniques and theoretical problems are covered with emphasis on general concepts.（本书）既讲了实际的设计方法，同时也讲述了理论问题，

37、而侧重点则放在一般概念上。句子的特征句子的特征uEach planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit,with the sun at one focus of the ellipse.每颗行星在椭圆轨道上绕太阳运行，而太阳处于椭圆的一个焦点上。uAll present states are stable with no inputs present.在没有输入的情况下，目前的所有状态均是稳定的。uThe second term is evaluated similarly,with Z a function of y alone.

38、第二项可以同样计算出来，只要把Z仅作为y的函数就行。句子的特征句子的特征uAn initial analysis of the device parameters has been made with satisfactory results.uA brief introduction to the principles of a CSTR is given with emphasis on reactor model.u作定语作定语uThis is an inequality with zero on the right.这是一个右边为零的不等式。经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句

39、子的表达方式（1 1）主语）主语系动词系动词表语（名词）表语（名词）这种句型所表达的语气比用形容词作表语的句型更强烈。This is too small a signal.This is so sensitive an instrument that it can measure the slight change in pressure.（2 2）采用）采用“主主谓谓宾宾”句型代替汉语中的句型代替汉语中的“主主系系表表”句型。句型。撰写论文时受汉语的影响，很不习惯使用这种结构。经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式“Have”“Have”句型句型 即句中谓语动词为have。

40、凡在汉语句中似乎找不到的动词一般可使用这一句型，它主要用于表示尺寸、大小、比较、优缺点等概念。A.A.表示尺寸、大小、长度、高度表示尺寸、大小、长度、高度“Something+have+a(an)+“Something+have+a(an)+表示大小的名词表示大小的名词+of+of+数量数量”uThe wall of the reactor has a thickness of 1 centimeter.uThis pipe has an approximate length of 50 meters.经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式B.B.表示比较表示比较“somet

41、hing A+have+“something A+have+比较级（或比较级（或as+as+形容词原级）形容词原级）+要比较的名词要比较的名词+than+something B”+than+something B”uThis substance has a more complicated chemical structure than that one.uAlcohol does not have as high a boiling point as water(does).经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式C.C.表示优缺点表示优缺点“主语主语+have+have+优

42、缺点的名词优缺点的名词”uThe reactor has the advantages of simple structure and high efficiency.uThe three-phase slurry reactor has the disadvantage of its height.经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式（3 3）采用）采用BEBE句型。这一句型我们也不是十分熟悉。句型。这一句型我们也不是十分熟悉。A.A.表示大小、数量表示大小、数量 Something+be+Something+be+数量数量+表示大小的形容词（或表示大小的形容词（或in+

43、in+表示大小的名词）表示大小的名词）uThe distillation column is 20 meters high.（或in height）uThese perforated plates are 2 centimeters thick.当然根据语法条文，也可写成以下的句型，中国人特别习惯这一句型。uThe height of the distillation column is 20 meters.经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式B.B.表示比较表示比较物物A+be+A+be+比较级（或比较级（或as+as+原级）原级）+in+in+要比较的对象要比较的对象+

44、than(as)+than(as)+物物B BuThis substance is more complicated in chemical structure than that one.uAlcohol is not as high in boiling point as water(is).中国人的习惯The chemical structure of this substance is more complicated than that of that substance经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式(4)(4)不少情况下使用静态结构来表示状态、特征、情况以

45、取代采用行不少情况下使用静态结构来表示状态、特征、情况以取代采用行为或过程的句法结构。为或过程的句法结构。使用使用“系动词系动词+表语表语”的结构。表语一般是形容词，有时也可是的结构。表语一般是形容词，有时也可是名词或介词短语。名词或介词短语。uThe flask is breakable(can be broken).uThis method is applicable(can be applied)to process simulation.uThe resistance of mass-transfer is ignorable(can be ignored).经常使用的一些句子的表达方

46、式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式A hyperbola is indicative(indicate)of an inverse proportion.Eq.1 is an illustration(illustrates)of global kinetics model.The problem is under consideration(is being considered).This product is in great demand(is needed by a great many companies).经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式(5)(5)不少情况下

47、用短语代替从句，特别是代替状语从句和定语从句，不少情况下用短语代替从句，特别是代替状语从句和定语从句，使句子更为紧凑，避免结构松散。使句子更为紧凑，避免结构松散。A.A.用介词短语代替状语从句。用介词短语代替状语从句。uAfter the experiments have been completed,After(At or ON)the completion of the experiments,uIf the temperature is greater than 60,At a temperature greater than 60,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方

48、式uIf the temperature is decreased by 10,For a decrease in temperature of 10,uIf the pressure remains constant,At constant pressure,B.B.用作主语的名词短语代替表示条件、原因、目的状语从句。用作主语的名词短语代替表示条件、原因、目的状语从句。uIf the results are analyzed,it can be shown that =An analysis of the results shows that 经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的

49、表达方式uSince there is no atmosphere in space,scientists could make pure drugs there.=The absence of atmosphere in space would enable scientists to make pure drugs there.uIf experimental data are compared with the calculated ones,it can be shown that=A comparison of experimental data 经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用

50、的一些句子的表达方式(6)(6)限定性的短语或从句限定性的短语或从句按照传统语法，当你希望从一组事物中，把其中一个(一部分)特别区分出釆，以“限定说明”其与其他部分不同之处时，要采用“that”(而不是”which”)，也就是说，that引出的是实质性的信息。这个短语或从句就成了主句或句子的必需成分，它们是限定性的短语或从句。没有这个短语或从句，主句或句子就失去了基本含义。经常使用的一些句子的表达方式经常使用的一些句子的表达方式uComparison will be restricted to acetylene compounds thatthat(不用which)have the same