语言学讲义考研5semantics.ppt

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1、讲义五讲义五 SemanticsGrace Tan1考点语义学定义 语义三角说 LEECH的七种意义类型词汇意义关系(同义,反义,下义)识别各实例中词与词的意义关系，句与句间的蕴涵、前提、回话含义、同义、不相容、语义矛盾、语义反常等用成分分析同下义词、反义词、句子意义的区别反义词的种类及例子2考研语言学 谭宗燕T/FThe meaning relationship between MAN and Grown-up is hyponymous because the semantic features of man are included in those of grown-up.Semant

2、ically,beef is excluded in meat.Kids and children are synonyms despite their stylistic differences.In the following pairs of sentences,b presupposes a.A.John managed to finish in time.B.John tried to finish in time.In the semiotic triangle,there is no direct relationship between symbol and referent.

3、If a word has sense,it must have reference.Predication of a S is identical to the proposition of the S.3考研语言学 谭宗燕definitionSemantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.More specifically,semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units,words and sentences in particular.4考研语言学 谭宗燕2

4、4._ is the major concern of semantics.A.meaning B.words C.sentence structure D.phrase structure rulesAnswer:A5考研语言学 谭宗燕some views concerning the study of meaning G.Leech and his 7 types of meaningNaming theoryThe Conceptualist ViewContextualism BehaviorismTruth conditions 6考研语言学 谭宗燕1.Leech divided m

5、eaning into _ types.2.说文：说文：“要，身中也。要，身中也。”&墨子墨子经经说：昔楚灵王好细要。说：昔楚灵王好细要。”“要要”属于属于意义。意义。7考研语言学 谭宗燕Leech:Types of MeaningGrammatical Meaning语法意义Lexical Meaning词汇意义Conceptual Meaning概念意义Associative Meaning联想意义Connotative Meaning内涵意义Affective Meaning情感意义Collocative Meaning搭配意义Stylistic Meaning文体意义8考研语言学 谭宗

6、燕1.Grammatical Meaning&Lexical MeaningGrammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words,singular and plural meaning of nouns,tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm.(语法意义指词义中表示语法概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式。)inflectional para

7、digms of verb:forget,forgets,forgot,forgotten,forgetting9考研语言学 谭宗燕For example:girls,winters,tables,joys We notice that word-forms,though denoting different objects of reality,have something in common.This common element is the grammatical meaning of plurality.(They have the same grammatical meaning)

8、10考研语言学 谭宗燕Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.(林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同。）For example:The word-forms go,goes,went,going,gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense,person,and so

9、on,but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component(same lexical meaning).11考研语言学 谭宗燕2.Conceptual Meaning&Associative MeaningConceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。核心。E.g.a woman is defined

10、 as an adult female human being.12考研语言学 谭宗燕Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate,liable to the influence of such factors as culture,experience,religion,etc.联想意义是概念意义的补充意义，是

11、次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。Four Categories：13考研语言学 谭宗燕AssociativeMeaningConnotative Meaning内涵意义Affective Meaning情感意义Collocative Meaning搭配意义Stylistic Meaning文体意义14考研语言学 谭宗燕1)Connotative MeaningIt refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.内涵意义

12、是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。What connotations do you think“home”,“dragon”and“mother”might have?15考研语言学 谭宗燕2)Stylistic MeaningApart from their conceptual meanings,many words have stylistic features,which make them appropriate for different styles.很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。In some dictionaries,these stylisti

13、c features are clearly marked as formal,informal,literary,archaic,slang and so on.16考研语言学 谭宗燕Compare the following two groups ofsynonyms:leave job cant tired addepartposition cannotfatiguedadvertisement17考研语言学 谭宗燕3)Affective MeaningAffective meaning expresses the speakers attitude towards the person

14、 or thing in question.This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words.情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地表现出来。18考研语言学 谭宗燕Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories:appreciative and pejorative/derogative.Words of positive

15、overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval;those of negative connotations imply disapproval,contempt or criticism.19考研语言学 谭宗燕appreciative pejorativeelderlylittle famous slim/slender determinedstatesmanconfidencefarmerpublicityoldsmallnotoriousskinnypigheadedpoliticiancomplac

16、encypeasantpropaganda20考研语言学 谭宗燕4)Collocative Meaning It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs.搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。E.g.pretty woman and handsome woman -stress the attractiveness of facial features -may not be facially beautiful but slender figure,gracefu

17、l posture and behaviorgreen hand,green fruit,green with envy,green-eyed monster 21考研语言学 谭宗燕AssociativeMeaningConnotative Meaning内涵意义Affective Meaning情感意义Collocative Meaning搭配意义Stylistic Meaning文体意义22考研语言学 谭宗燕12._ is NOT included in Leechs associative meaning.A.connotative meaning B.social meaning C.

18、collocative meaning D.thematic meaningAnswer:D23考研语言学 谭宗燕conceptualist view This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to(i.e,between language and the real world)rather,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts i

19、n the mind.24考研语言学 谭宗燕16.The classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance mainly illustrates the view of _.A.conceptualism B.contextualism C.behaviourism D.structuralism Answer:A25考研语言学 谭宗燕semantic triangle thought/reference(concept,sense)Symbol(word)referent(thing)Suggested by Ogden and Ri

20、chards 26考研语言学 谭宗燕SYMBOL or FORM -the linguistic elements in its sound or written form(words,phrases)the REFERENT -the object in the world of experienceTHOUGHT or REFEREBCE -concept(cognitive image in the mind)27考研语言学 谭宗燕13._ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguis

21、tic world of experience.A.sense B.reference C.symbol D.thought Answer:A28考研语言学 谭宗燕23.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of _.A.word function B.word meaning C.word formation D.word system Answer:B29考研语言学 谭宗燕Sense&ReferenceSense is concerned with the inherent meaning of t

22、he linguistic form.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form;it is abstract and de-contextualized.Dictionary meaning.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world 30考研语言学 谭宗燕东大2000Explain the difference between sense and reference from the followin

23、g 4 aspects:1)a word having reference must have sense2)a word having sense might not have reference3)a certain sense can be realized by more than one reference4)a certain reference can be expressed by more than one senseKey:2)non-referring items:so,very,maybe,if,not and all;imaginary things:god,ghos

24、t,dragon3)I,you,she variable references4)Evening star and morning star nearly always refers to Venus,BUT each presents a particular emotional temperament and a particular sense of values,meaning,ideals and appreciations.31考研语言学 谭宗燕The relationship between sense and reference:And,if等只有sense,而无referen

25、ce.Desk可以有许多外指意义。同一外指意义可有不同的系统意义，Mrs Thatcher,&the Iron Lady.Morning Star&Evening Star.32考研语言学 谭宗燕Words are the symbols of mental expressions.The limits of my language is the limits of my world.What is the relationship between language and thought?赫拉克利特，亚里斯多德，阿尔诺，洛克，休谟Dessert 33考研语言学 谭宗燕17.The conte

26、xtualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from_.A.function B.context C.instinct D.observationAnswer:B34考研语言学 谭宗燕Contextualism Firth,HallidayThey hold that meaning should be studied in terms of situation,use and context.Two kinds of context are recognizes:the si

27、tuational context and the linguistic context.35考研语言学 谭宗燕BehaviorismBehaviorists:Pavlov,Thorndike,WaltsonBloomfield(stimulus-response)Jill JackS r.s R(r,s-speech,R,S-practical events)36考研语言学 谭宗燕9.The well-known formula:S r.s R was put forward by_.A.Bloomfield B.Firth C.Hockett D.HarrisAnswer:A37考研语言学

28、 谭宗燕11.For Bloomfield,linguistics is a branch of psychology and specifically of the brand of psychology known as _.A.behaviorism B.structuralism C.competence D.performanceAnswer:A38考研语言学 谭宗燕3.That there is no direct link between language and the real world is the view of _ concerning the study of me

29、aning.A.naming B.conceptualist C.contextualist D.behavioristAnswer:B39考研语言学 谭宗燕lexical meaningSynonymy AntonymyPolysemy HomonymyHyponymy40考研语言学 谭宗燕5.The relation between“food”and“bread”is called _.A.synonymy B.polysemy C.homonymy D.hyponymyAnswer:D41考研语言学 谭宗燕Synonymydialectal synonyms stylistic syno

30、nyms synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning collocational synonymssemantically different synonyms42考研语言学 谭宗燕14.Luggage and baggage are _ synonyms.A.dialectal B.stylistic C.semantically different D.collocational Answer:A43考研语言学 谭宗燕20.The words“amaze”and“astound”are very close in

31、meaning,they are _ synonyms.A.dialectal B.stylistic C.semantically different D.collocationalAnswer:C44考研语言学 谭宗燕21.Which pair is the emotive synonyms?A.dad and father B.flat and apartment C.mean and frugal D.charge and accuseAnswer:C45考研语言学 谭宗燕Antonymygradable antonymcomplementary antonymyconverse an

32、tonymy46考研语言学 谭宗燕19.The word“male”or“female”are _ antonyms.A.gradable B.complementary C.converse D.completeAnswer:B47考研语言学 谭宗燕10._ is a pair of complementary antonyms.A.wild and tame B.nimble and lameC.cold and warm D.alive and deadAnswer:D48考研语言学 谭宗燕7.“Buy”and“sell”form a pair of _.A.conversives B.

33、gradable antonymsC.complementary antonyms D.marked antonymsAnswer:A49考研语言学 谭宗燕HomonymyHomophones Homographs Complete homonyms 50考研语言学 谭宗燕22.The words”rain”and“reign”are _.A.homographs B.complete homonyms C.homophones D.allophonesAnswer:C51考研语言学 谭宗燕15._ is Not a pair of homophones.A.“Fair”(adj)and“fa

34、ir”(n)B.“Flea”and“flee”C.“Lead(v)and“lead”(n)D.“Compliment”and“complement”Answer:C52考研语言学 谭宗燕The relationship between“meat”and“meet”is _.A.synonymy B.antonymy C.polysemy D.homonymy53考研语言学 谭宗燕The noun“tear”and the verb“tear”are _.A.homophones B.homographs C.complete homonyms D.allophonesAnswer:B54考研语

35、言学 谭宗燕polysemy18.If one word has more than one meaning,then we call it _.A.polysemy B.synonymy C.homonymy D.hyponymyAnswer:A55考研语言学 谭宗燕大连2002Classify the following pairs of words according to the sense relation,.Put the number before the pair in the space provided.eg:(1)alive/dead(2)buy/sellCompleme

36、ntary antonyms(1)1.always/never 2.borrow/lend 3.tale/tail4.satellite/moon 5.relinquish/retain 6.boot/trunk 7.over/under 8.mercury/quick silver 9.fabric/rayon 10.sole(of a shoe)/sole(the fish)A.Complementary antonyms_B.synonyms _C.relational opposites _D.gradable antonyms _E.homonyms _F.polysemy _G.h

37、yponymy _1/5,8,2/7,3/10,6,4/956考研语言学 谭宗燕湖南师大2003What relationship do they have between each other?A.tree-maple,birch b.flour-flowerC.lend-borrow d.male-femaleE.big-small Key:hyponymy,homonymy,relational opposites,complementarity,gradability57考研语言学 谭宗燕北师大2003Put the following words in a hierarchical

38、order(you can use a tree diagram)and try to define at least two of them.crocodile,mammal,reptile,rabbit,primate,animalanimalmammalreptilePrimate rabbitcrocodile58考研语言学 谭宗燕东大2003What are the possible colors of Chinese 青 in english?What does this reflect in semantics?Key:blue as in 青取之于蓝而青于蓝 black as

39、in 青牛白马 dark green as in两岸青山相对出，青箬笠绿蓑衣This reflects that the same word may have a set of different meanings,that is,the polysemy of a word.59考研语言学 谭宗燕Componential Analysis(CA)The analysis of word meanings or componential analysis is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into i

40、ts minimal components.HUMAN MALE ADULTGirl +-Boy +-Woman +-+Man +60考研语言学 谭宗燕 In making componential analysis,it is important to focus on the distinguishing features,i.e.features which can distinguish one word from another.Eg:Between boy,chair,dictionary and hope,thought,problem,the distinguish featu

41、re is+Concrete verbs like nouns also have features like MOMENTARY DYNAMIC TRANSITIVE61考研语言学 谭宗燕English motion verbs62考研语言学 谭宗燕More complex onesn nfather:father:PARENT(PARENT(x,yx,y)&MALE()&MALE(x x)n nx x is a parent of is a parent of y y,and,and x x is male.is male.n ntake:take:CAUSE(CAUSE(x x,(HAV

42、E(,(HAVE(x,yx,y)n nx x causes causes x x to have to have y y.n ngive:give:CAUSE(CAUSE(x x,(HAVE(,(HAVE(x,yx,y)n nx x causes causes x x not to have not to have y y.n ndiedie=BECOME(x,(ALIVE(x)=BECOME(x,(ALIVE(x)n nKillKill=CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y(ALIVE(y)=CAUSE(x,(BECOME(y(ALIVE(y)n nMurderMurder=INTEND(x,

43、(CAUSEx,(BECOME(y),(ALIV=INTEND(x,(CAUSEx,(BECOME(y),(ALIVE(y)E(y)63考研语言学 谭宗燕The function of componential analysis1.useful and revealing technique for demonstrating relations of meaning between words.dog +ANIMATE,-HUMAN,+CANINE,+DOMESTIC foal +ANIMATE,-HUMAN,+EQUINE,+DOMESTIC2.show the synonymy of t

44、wo items by giving them same componential features.Spinster and maiden +HUMAN,-MALE,-MARRIED POSITIVE,64考研语言学 谭宗燕3.tell whether a certain collocation or syntactic structure is acceptable or not.He has left this neighborhood for ten years.He has lived in this neighborhood for ten years.left,live MOME

45、NTARY,Controversial：semanticists do not agree on the merits of componential analysis.1.useful but limited 2.how about the figurative sense65考研语言学 谭宗燕6.The semantic components of the word“man”can be expressed as_.A.+animate,+human,+male,adultB.+animate,+human,+male,+adultC.+animate,+human,-male,-adul

46、tD.+animate,+human,-male,+adultAnswer:B66考研语言学 谭宗燕8._ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit,not as a summation of the meaning of each constituent word.A.collocation B.idiom C.semantic component D.synonymAnswer:B67考研语言学 谭宗燕Analyze hyponymy and incompatibility by using componential analys

47、is.Key:THE analysis of hyponymy:man:+HUMAN+ADULT+MALE woman:+HUMAN+ADULT-MALE boy:+HUMAN-ADULT+MALE girl:+HUMAN-ADULT-MALEThe analysis of incompatibility:Alive:-DEAD(or+LIVE)Dead:+DEAD(or-LIVE)68考研语言学 谭宗燕Sentence relation(1)X is synonymous with Y（同义关系）In terms of truth conditioning,if X is true,Y is

48、 true,and if X is false,Y is false.X:He was a bachelor all his life.Y:He never married in his life.X:The boy killed the dog.Y:The dog was killed by the boy.69考研语言学 谭宗燕(2)X is inconsistent with Y（矛盾关系）In terms of truth conditioning,if X is true,Y is false,and if X is false,Y is true.X:John is married

49、.Y:John is a bachelor.X:This is my first visit to your countryY:I have been to your country before.70考研语言学 谭宗燕(3)X entails Y（衍推关系）Entailment is a relation of inclusion.If X entails Y,then the meaning of X is included in Y.X:John married a blond heiress.Y:John married a blond.X:He has been to France.

50、Y:He had been to Europe.If X is true,Y is necessarily true,e.g.If he has been to France,he must have been to Europe.If X is false,Y may be true of false,e.g.If he has not been to France,he may have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe.71考研语言学 谭宗燕(4)X presupposes Y(Y is a prerequisite of X)（预设