《生殖基本知识》PPT课件.ppt
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1、Chapter 2哺乳类生殖生物学基础2.1.基本概念基本概念配子:精子配子:精子 sperm,卵母细胞(卵子)卵母细胞(卵子)oocyte(egg)受精卵受精卵 胚胎胚胎 embryo 胎儿胎儿 fetusday 11(Mouse)after 9 wk(human)生殖内分泌学生殖内分泌学 生殖生理学生殖生理学性内分泌系统性内分泌系统睾丸结构睾丸结构精子发生精子发生精精子子结构结构-运动运动射射精精性周期 绝经受受精精卵卵子子排排 卵卵卵泡发生卵泡发生乳腺生物学乳腺生物学泌乳泌乳-哺乳哺乳胎儿胎儿-母体母体妊妊 娠娠 子子 宫宫分娩分娩妊娠妊娠基因基因表达表达着床着床胎盘胎盘性别性别决定决定
2、卵卵 巢巢 生生 理理子宫生物学子宫生物学性别分化性别分化性生殖系统性生殖系统结构结构-生理生理生殖激素生殖激素Reproductive Endocrinology 激素来源、靶器官和功能Hormones:Sources,Targets and FunctionsSourceSourceHormoneHormoneTargetTargetPhysiologic EffectPhysiologic Effect下丘脑下丘脑GnRHPituitary,tissues Stimulates FSH/LH secretionAnterior pituitary腺垂体腺垂体Follicle-stimul
3、ating hormone(FSH)Ovary and TestesGrowth of ovarian follicles or seminiferous tubulesLuteinizing hormone(LH)Ovary and TestesProduction of estrogen and progesterone or testosteroneposterior pituitary Oxytocin 催催产素素 Uterus and MammaryStimulates contraction and secretion of milkPineal gland 松果腺松果腺Melat
4、oninGonads,pigment cellsControl biorhythms influence reproductionOvaryEstrogen estradiolGeneral uterusDevelop/maintain female characteristics stimulate growth of uterine liningProgestrogenUterus,breastStimulate development of uterine lining PlacentaChorionic gonadotropinAnterior pituitaryStimulates
5、release of FSH and LHTestes睾丸睾丸TestosteroneGeneral and reprod-uctive structuresDevelops and maintains male sex characteristics promotes spermatogenesisRelation of the pituitary gland to the brain and hypothalamus 生殖周期中激素的反馈调节 发情周期Physiology of Reproduction 1、雄性生殖器官与精子(sperm)产生精子产生精子合成和分泌类固醇激素、合成和分泌类
6、固醇激素、神经肽、鸦片肽、蛋白水神经肽、鸦片肽、蛋白水解酶等。解酶等。精原干细胞、精子载体精原干细胞、精子载体睾丸注射睾丸注射GENESperm and sperm vector2、Female reproductive organs 1.输卵管oviduct;2 卵巢;3 子宫3、Ovary 冷冻与移植Mouse:Sztein et al,1998;Jackson Lab;Shaw et al,2000;Manipulating the mouse embryo,3rd edscow:Shaw et al,2000;Agca Y,2000Sheep:Salle et al,20031.为什么
7、进行卵巢冷冻和移植?基础研究患癌症的女性,放疗和高剂量的化疗都能导致不孕2.标准:development to term rat卵巢移植Mice:Jones&Krohn;Parrott,1960;Sheep:Gosden et al,1994免疫问题Monkey BRENDA:Lee et al,Nature,2004,428:137-84、卵泡发育与卵子成熟mouseRelationship between oocyte and follicle cellsTraditional opinion:1.在卵子发生过程中,卵泡细胞养育卵母细胞2.卵泡细胞通过排卵发生将卵母细胞输送到输卵管中Rec
8、ent Studies:1.卵泡发生过程中,卵母细胞具有主动的关键作用2.卵母细胞与卵泡细胞间建立的双向通信,是卵子的获得受精力,以及早期胚胎发育是必需的Ovulation:卵母细胞旁分泌的:卵母细胞旁分泌的GDF9、BMP-15和卵巢外和卵巢外LH主导主导Oocyte-granulosa cell communication is essential for normal Oocyte-granulosa cell communication is essential for normal growth and development of both the oocyte and the f
9、olliclegrowth and development of both the oocyte and the follicle成年动物原始卵泡再生-Rewrite textbook!female mammals produce no new eggs after birthmouse ovaries harbor a previously undiscovered type of stem cell that can form new eggs through adulthood.newJohnson et al,2004Germ-cell proliferation in juvenil
10、e and young adult ovariesa示示卵卵巢巢表表面面上上皮皮可可能能的的Germline Stem Cells(arrowheads),这这些些细细胞胞(b)表表达达生生殖殖细细胞胞特特有有的的MVH蛋蛋白白(mouse vasa homologue,免免疫疫偶偶联联黄黄色色产产物物,b)。这这些些细细胞胞保保持持着着正正常常的的有有丝丝分分裂裂生生长长过过程程(c).采采用用BrdU(red)和和 MVH(green)双双染染色色方方法法,证证明明这这些些生生长长的的生生殖殖干干细细胞胞存存在在于于幼幼年年(d)和和青青年年母母鼠鼠(e)的的卵卵巢巢上上。F图图是是用用苏
11、苏木木精精和和伊伊红红染染色色的的d图图卵卵巢巢组组织织。分分裂裂前前期期(g)和和中中期期(h)的阳性干细胞(绿色)的阳性干细胞(绿色)Meiosis of oocyteMeiosis of oocyte小鼠成熟Oocyte的参数卵母细胞中mRNA的储存Oocyte growth(40 m 85 m)and accumulation of oocyte RNAaccumulation of oocyte t-PA mRNA during oocyte growth(40 oocytes/lane)Oocyte growth and accumulation of oocyte RNA(300
12、-fold increase,12 m 85 m)卵母细胞的IVM(in vitro maturation)MediaHormoneGrowth Factoraa卵母细胞的冷冻与解冻 vitrificationThawingThawingFreezingFreezing卵子形态结构Dictyate stageovulationM-II stageZonaZona1.小鼠小鼠ZP1,ZP2,ZP3分别为分别为200,120和和83KD的糖蛋白。的糖蛋白。2.由生长的卵母细胞连由生长的卵母细胞连续合成和分泌生成续合成和分泌生成Zona。糖基化在高尔。糖基化在高尔基体中完成。基体中完成。小鼠透明带1
13、.ZP1:维持透明带的立体结构。维持透明带的立体结构。2.ZP2:精子第二受体。精子第二受体。3.ZP3:精子第一受体、诱导精子的顶体反应。精子第一受体、诱导精子的顶体反应。a.主肽链主肽链402aa,44KD,b.3-4条条N-oligos(稳定蛋白质结构,防止内稳定蛋白质结构,防止内源性酶的降解源性酶的降解),c.6条丝氨酸条丝氨酸/苏氨酸(苏氨酸(Ser/Thr)连接的连接的O-oligos.d.编码基因:编码基因:5号染色体,单拷贝,号染色体,单拷贝,8个个exon,exon 7 高度变异,由其编码的高度变异,由其编码的25个氨基个氨基酸残基及其糖基化位点决定了受体功能和透酸残基及其糖
14、基化位点决定了受体功能和透明带反应,保证了受精过程的种间特异性。明带反应,保证了受精过程的种间特异性。ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP2ZP3ZP3ZP3ZP3ZP3ZP3ZP3ZP3ZP3ZP1ZP3ZP3ZP3ZP2ZP1 6.2 mZP3的生物学功能之一1.主主肽链诱导精子发生顶体反应肽链诱导精子发生顶体反应2.O-oligos末端的非还原性单糖(可能为末端的非还原性单糖(可能为-半乳糖或半乳糖或N-乙酰葡糖胺乙酰葡糖胺),参与识别),参与识别精子表面的透明带结合蛋白(精子表面的透明带结合蛋白(ZBP,zona binding protein),),介导透
15、明带介导透明带与精子的第一次结合,行使精子受体的与精子的第一次结合,行使精子受体的功能。功能。ZP3的生物学功能之二Zona reaction and block sperm penetrationtechnique of retroviral vector5、FertilizationOutline of mammalian fertilizationgametes arrive at fertilized regionStep 1 sperm penetrates the cumulus cells layerPH-20 glycoprotein of sperm holding the
16、activity of hyaluronidaseStep 2 sperm recognizes,binds,and penetrates through the zona of oocyte识别、结合识别、结合Acrosome reaction of spermAcrosome reaction,penetrationStep 2 sperm recognizes,binds,and penetrates through the zona of oocyteStep 2 sperm recognizes,binds,and penetrates through the zona of ooc
17、yteZona reactionStep 3.识别和融合Step 4 Cortical reaction and polyspermy block 融合时的变化:阻止多精子入卵融合同时,质膜电位快速去极化,胞内游离Ca2+瞬时升高,pH值升高,皮质颗粒的释放卵母细胞的激活变化融合后的变化:“唤醒”卵母细胞,完成周期形态形态:PB2的排出、精子核膜崩解、精子染色体去浓缩、雌雄原核形成、双原核向卵中央迁移、原核核膜崩解,进入第一次有丝分裂。生理生理:Ca2+升高和/或Ca2+振荡、受精膜电位的形成、pH值升高生化生化:母源mRNA的翻译、功能蛋白的修饰、细胞周期因子的活性变化、DNA合成的启动。卵
18、母细胞激活的关键胞内游离Ca2+升高是关键信号钙池中Ca2+动员的模式Ca2+振荡胞外Ca2+的流入是维持Ca2+振荡必需的Ca2+振荡时,Ca2+泵动员1个Ca2+将耗掉12 ATP,生物体采用这样一个效率低下的信号机制,意义何在?精子激活卵母细胞的初始信号受体假说激活因子假说PIP2.磷脂酰肌醇酯;PLC.磷脂酶C;IP3.三磷酸肌醇;DAG.甘油二酯G?PTKCa2+IP3DAGPKC?CG释放、PB2排出、双原核形成PIP2.磷脂酰肌醇酯;PLC.磷脂酶C;IP3.三磷酸肌醇;DAG.甘油二酯截短 c-kit?寡聚oscillin?Ca2+IP3DAGPKC?CG释放、PB2排出、双原
19、核形成?NO?Further change:pronuclear formation and PB2 extrusion MicroinjectionMice without a fatherIn mammals,genomes from both parents are generally needed to make viable offspring.But changing the expression of imprinted genes can render the fathers contribution dispensable.Loebel&Tam,2004Mice withou
20、t a fathernormal gene expression of H19/Igf2normal gene expression of H19/Igf2Loebel&Tam,2004The H19 and Igf2 genes are found on the same mouse chromosome andare oppositely imprinted:in normal embryos,H19 is expressed only from the maternal chromosome and Igf2 only from the paternal chromosome.On th
21、e maternal chromosome,the protein CTCF binds to the differentially methylated domain(DMD),blocking the access of enhancers to Igf2.Thus,H19 is expressed instead.On the paternal chromosome,the DMD is methylated(represented by CH3),and so CTCF cannot bind;the enhancers therefore have access to Igf2,wh
22、ich is expressed,whereas H19 is silenced.Mice without a fatherLoebel&Tam,2004Kono et al.1 combined the chromosomes from a fully grown egg(which has all maternal imprints)with the chromosomes from a non-growing egg from which the DMD and H19 were deleted(H1913).These deletions mimicked the absence of
23、 paternal H19 activity and enabled Igf2 expression,leading to viable adults.NormalNormalKono et alKono et alParthenogenetic mice developed to adulthoodKono et al,2004Normal reproduction6、Embryogenesisa.Morphological aspects of preimplantation embryosb.SEM Morphology of embryosDevelopment of human pr
24、eimplantation embryoInner cell mass and trophoblast cell layerMolecular events during embryogenesis Gametes nucleus decondensation基因组基因组DNA的启动时相的启动时相Genomic imprinting功能基因的转录功能基因的转录XistTertOct-4(stem cells,略),略):Completion of meiosis,Pronuclei development 1).gametes nucleus decondensation:Decondensa
25、tion of the sperm nucleus in ooplasm1).gametes nucleus decondensationDNA-Histone DNA-ProtamineSperm nucleus Y:Decondensation of the sperm nucleus in ooplasm1).gametes nucleus decondensation1.Sperm nucleus decondensation is independent of egg activation,whereas the transformation of a decondensed spe
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