《英汉句法对比》PPT课件.ppt

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1、Chapter 2 Contrastive Studies of English and ChineseLecturer：温彬：温彬Tel：E-mail：1、Synthetic&Analytic 1）A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.2）An analytic language is characterized by frequent use of function words,a

2、uxiliary verbs,and changes in word order to express synthetic relations.English:synthetic-analytic language(old English was synthetic+modern English is analytic)Chinese:a typical analytic language 1.1 Inflectional&Non-inflectional Inflection:In grammar,an inflection is a change in the form of a word

3、 that shows its grammatical function.Notice:nouns,pronouns,verbs are inflected;the endings er,-est are non-inflectional suffixes.1、Synthetic&AnalyticThe use of inflected forms could express:Parts of speech（词性）Gender（性）Number（数）Case（主格/宾格）Person（人称）Tense（时态）Aspect（体）Voice（语态）Mood（情态）Non-finite verbs（

4、非限定动词）1、Synthetic&Analytic1.2 Word Order:flexible&inflexible 1.3 English and Chinese use different function words 1、Synthetic&AnalyticEnglish function words:Article（冠词）Preposition（介词）Auxiliary verb（助动词）Coordinator（并列连接词）Subordinator（从属连接词）1、Synthetic&Analytic表示语义引申 and,not only.but also,as well as,n

5、either.nor 表示选择 or,either.or 表示转折或对比 but,yet,however,nevertheless 表示因果关系 for,so,therefore,hence Coordinator（并列连接词）Subordinator（从属连接词）引导时间状语从句 when,while,as,after,before,since,untill,as soon as,once 引导原因状语从句 because,as,since,now that,considering(that)引导条件状语从句 if,even if,unless,in case,provided/provid

6、ing(that),suppose/supposing(that),as(so)long as,on condition(that)引导让步状语从句 although/though,even if 引导比较状语从句 than,as(so).as 引导目的状语从句 lest,so that,in order that 引导结果状语从句 so.that,such.that 1、Synthetic&AnalyticChinese function words:Particle（助词）aspect particle（动态助词）：着，了，过 structural particle（结构助词）：的、地、得

7、 emotional particle（语气助词）：吗，呢，吧 Connective（连接词）English sentences can be reduced to five basic patterns.English subject-predicate structure appears rigid.Chinese subject-predicate structure is usually varied,flexible,and supple.2、Rigid&Supple Hypotaxis（形合法）：P47Parataxis（意合法）：P473、Hypotactic&Paratacti

8、c English resorts to overt cohesion（显性接应）relativesRelative or conjunctive pronouns and adverbs(who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how)connectivesCoordinate or subordinate conjunctions(and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,when,while,as,since,until)Prepositions and others3、Hypotactic&Parata

9、ctic Chinese relies on covert coherence（隐性连贯）Word order 语序Contracted sentences 紧缩句Four-character expressions四字格Grammatical or rhetorical devicesRepetition,antithesis(对偶),parallelism(排比)4、Complex&Simplex English sentences are complex.Subordination(从属结构)：subordinate clauses and phrasesChinese sentence

10、s are simple.Coordination(并列结构)Loose or minor sentences(松散句)Contracted sentences(紧缩句)Elliptical sentences(省略句)Run-on sentences(流水句)Composite sentences(并列形式的复句)Formal written English is in an impersonal style,featured by passives,sentences beginning with introductory it,and abstract nouns as subjects

11、.Chinese perfers to use a personal style,featured by more actives,actives in form but passives in sense,personal(animate)subjects,or subjectless and subject-omitted sentences.5、Impersonal&Personal translation methods:English impersonal subjects 变为 Chinese personal subjectsEnglish passives 变为 Chinese

12、 actives5、Impersonal&Personal English prefers to use passives,and why?The agent of an action is self-evident or unkown,or it is unnecessary or impossible to mention the agent.Syntactic factors:for cohesion,balance,end focus,end weightRhetorical factors:for variationsStylistic factors:more passives i

13、n information writing6、Passive&Active Chinese prefers to use actives,including those active in form but passive in sense.6、Passive&Active 7、Static&Dynamic StaticNouns(they refer to entities that are regarded as stable)dynamicVerbs(they can indicate action,activity and temporary or changing condition

14、s)English is featured by nominalization(名词化).Chinese is more dynamic,employing verbs,adverbs,verbal phrases,repetition and reduplication of verbs.translation methods:the English nominal style 变为 the Chinese verbal style 1)English nouns 变为Chinese verbs 2)English adjectives 变为Chinese adverbs 3)English

15、 prepositions 变为Chinese verbs7、Static&Dynamic In English,nominalization often results in abstraction.Chinese prefers to use concrete or specific words and employs rhetorical devices,expressing abstract ideas by metaphors,similes,allegories and so on.translation methods:English abstract words 变为 Chin

16、ese concrete words,figurative expressions or verbs8、Abstract&Concrete translation methods:English abstract words 变为 Chinese concrete words,figurative expressions or verbs8、Abstract&Concrete English is indirect.Euphemism Understatement Litotes Indirect negation Tactful implication PeriphrasisChinese

17、prefers to be direct and straightforward.9、Indirect&DirectTo avoid repetition,English often resorts to substitution,ellipsis,variation and so on.Substitution:English often uses pro-forms or substitutesEllipsis(zero-substitution):English usually leaves out the same words from a sentence.Variation:English often uses synonyms or near-synonyms,superordinates,hyponyms or general words.10、Substitutive&Repetitive Chinese often repeats the same words.Reduplication:character-reduplicationRepetitionAntithesisParallelism10、Substitutive&Repetitive ThankYou!