专业英语基本介绍.ppt

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1、张志勇生命科技学院，生理生化教研室共共 勉勉知识永远是死物，如果说你具备多少知识知识永远是死物，如果说你具备多少知识就代表你拥有多少能力，那么这世界将失就代表你拥有多少能力，那么这世界将失去变数，而没有变数的世界就如精确的逻去变数，而没有变数的世界就如精确的逻辑，就没有了思想，没有了灵魂，也就没辑，就没有了思想，没有了灵魂，也就没有了激情。有了激情。如果你不将你学到的知识系统融会贯通变如果你不将你学到的知识系统融会贯通变成你的一种习惯与本能，那么你永远只有成你的一种习惯与本能，那么你永远只有感触而没有收获。感触而没有收获。授课内容第一单元ABasicPrimeronBiotechnology科

2、技英语文体特征，词汇分类、特点，语法特点第二单元WhatIstheHumanGenomeProject?科技英语中缩写的应用第三单元PlantBiotechnology科技论文的英文题目、作者、单位与关键词第四单元PCR科技英语中图和表的应用第五单元TiPlasmid-mediatedGeneTransfertoHigherPlantCells段落的结构和展开第六单元ApplicationofTransgenicTechnologyinPlantBreeding科技论文的英文摘要第七单元IntroductiontoMicrobialGenomeProject科技论文的整体结构第八单元Biolo

3、gicalAnalysisinEnvironmentalMonitoring英文简历及自荐信写作综合练习及考核课程基本要求 了解专业英语的文体特征 了解专业英语文献的阅读方法 能够较好地用英语描述科技知识和理解本专业 用英语描述的科技知识(翻译）翻译）通过专业英语学习巩固专业知识 学习英语科技文章写作的基本知识 学习和掌握英文摘要和个人简历的写作方法翻译（translation）Translatingisrendingfromonelanguageintoanother,i.e.thefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsai

4、dinanotherlanguage.Themainprinciplesoftranslationarefaithfulness,expressivenessandelegance(信、达、雅)whichwerefirstproposedbyYanFu.If If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower-like charm,the cool slim purity ofof face andand form,the apple-blossom coloring,whichwhich had so swiftly andand so oddly affec

5、ted Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still atat forty-three a comely andand faithful companion,whosewhose cheeks were faintly mottled,andand whosewhose gray-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness.(John Galsworthy 高尔斯华高尔斯华绥绥,1867-1933,英国小说家英国小说家,剧作家剧作家,曾获得曾获得1933年诺贝尔文年诺贝尔文学奖学奖)ContinuedContinu

6、ed26年前，她那有着蔚蓝色眼睛的、鲜花一般的魅力，那脸庞年前，她那有着蔚蓝色眼睛的、鲜花一般的魅力，那脸庞和身材冰清玉洁、婀娜多姿的风韵，还有那苹果花似的颜和身材冰清玉洁、婀娜多姿的风韵，还有那苹果花似的颜色，曾经是那么猝不及防地、莫名其妙地使艾舍斯特怦然色，曾经是那么猝不及防地、莫名其妙地使艾舍斯特怦然心动。而今这一切虽然早已失去，心动。而今这一切虽然早已失去，43岁的她依然是一个面岁的她依然是一个面目娇好、忠实可靠的伴侣，只是两颊已出现淡淡的斑痕，目娇好、忠实可靠的伴侣，只是两颊已出现淡淡的斑痕，灰蓝色的眼睛也添了几分饱满和成熟。灰蓝色的眼睛也添了几分饱满和成熟。描述客观事实、现象和过程

7、；科学理论、原理和概念等 传递内容量大、信息丰富 追求行文简洁、结构紧凑 注重逻辑严密、层次分明和重点突出科技英语文体特征词汇分类技术词 antibody,gene,adenine,plasmid次技术词 power,factor,key,mouse普通词汇Attention to sub-technical wordsResistance：反抗，抵抗，电阻，阻尼电阻，阻尼Work：工作，功，工程，工事功，工程，工事Coat：外衣，镀层镀层Horse：马，支架，铁杆支架，铁杆Eye：眼，孔环孔环Ear：耳，吊钩吊钩词汇特征（一）希腊语和拉丁语词源 vacuum,motor,chromosome

8、,chlorophyll选用正式程度高的词汇accomplish/do,optimum/best单个动词代替短语/词组 absorb/takein,eliminate/getridofSpecialization of the Words in Common Use For example，template(刻印模版，pattern or gauge usu.A thin board or mental plate used as a guide in cutting or drilling metal,wood,etc.新义(遗传）：“遗传密码载体分子”（a molecule in a bi

9、ological system that carriers the genetic code for another macromolecule 词汇特征（二）Anneal:toheatandthencool(assteelorglass)usuallyforsofteningandmakinglessbrittle;also:tocoolslowlyusuallyinafurnaceto heat and then cool(double-stranded nucleic acid)in order to separate strands and induce combination at

10、lower temperature with complementary strandsDenature:todepriveofnaturalqualities:changethenatureof:tomake(alcohol)unfitfordrinking(asbyaddinganobnoxioussubstance)withoutimpairingusefulnessforotherpurposesto modify the molecular structure of(as a protein or DNA)especially by heat,acid,alkali,or ultra

11、violet radiation so as to destroy or diminish some of the original properties and especially the specific biological activityBlast:aviolentgustofwind;aforcefulhit(asinbaseball)orshot(asinsoccerorgolf)etc.Basic Local Alignment Search Tool-the protein and nucleic acid sequence search engine developed

12、at NCBI that allows you to search sequence databases.One Word with Multiple Meanings For example,“transmission”,in radio engineering,it means“传送”or“播送”;in mechanics,it means“传动”or“变速”;in physics,it means“透射”;in medicine,it means“遗传”,etc.词汇特征（二）使用科技长句的倾向较多的使用名词化结构常用It 句型结构被动语态的广泛使用语法特征使用科技长句的倾向Themet

13、hodnormallyemployedforfreeelectronicstobeproducedinelectrontubesisthermionicemission,inwhichadvantageistakenofthefactthat,ifasolidbodyisheatedsufficiently,someoftheelectronsthatitcontainswillescapefromitssurface.固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有一部分离开固体表面飞逸到周围的空气中去，这种现象称热离子放射；通常，电子管就利用这种现象产生自由电子。使用科技长句的倾向Behavior

14、istssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.行为主义者认为,如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素,这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展,那么,儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。较多的使用名词化结构Presently,mosttransgenicanimalsaredesignedtoassistresearc

15、hersinthediagnosis and treatmentofhumandiseases.Archimedsfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleof displacementofwaterbysolidbodies.Ifyouusefirebricksroundthewallsoftheboiler,theheat loss canbeconsiderablyreduced.The rotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight较多的使用名词化结构makeuseof（利用）,payattention

16、to（注意）,Obtainsupportfrom（得到支持）,Keepwatchover（密切注视）,Makeaclaimto（主张）,havealookat,givenoevidenceof（不足以说明）,takewarningfrom（从中引以为戒）withaviewto(根据),inaccordancewith(依照),forlackof(缺少),inproportionto(成比例),onaccountof(基于原因),bymeansof(凭借),attheexpenseof(由负担)常用It 句型结构Itisevidentthatawell-lubricatedbearingturn

17、smoreeasilythanadryone.显然Itseemsthatthesetwobranchesofsciencearemutuallydependentandinteracting.看来ItislikelythatmanynewinsightsalsowillemergefromtheclosestudyofthelargesectionsofDNAthathavenotyetbeenassignedafunction.可能被动语态的广泛使用被动语态的广泛使用（by表示行为的方式、手段和原因，而非执行者）Two DNA strands are held together by bon

18、ds between the bases;these constitute base pairs.Often the size of a genome is referred to by its number of base pairs.被动语态的广泛使用Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallythedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果Manystrangenewmeansoftransporthavebeendevelope

19、dinourcentury,thestrangestofthembeingperhapsthehovercraft.在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具,其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。被动语态的广泛使用Inchemistry,symbolsareusedrepresentelements.化学化学用符号代表元素。Thefullmeaningofcloningwillbefeltonlywhenwegetthetasteofabuse.只有当我们尝到克隆被滥用的恶果之后，我们我们才会彻底明明白白其价值所在Gasesarefrequentlyregardedascompressible,liq

20、uidasincompressible.人们人们通常认为气体是可以压缩的，而其体则不可以压缩。被动语态的广泛使用Officialfromthenationalaeronauticsandspaceadministrationsaid300researchersinindustry;governmentandeducationwouldbepermittedtousethesystem.获准获准Theworldhealthorganizationestimatesthat1.7billionpeopleareinfectedwithMycobacteriumtuberculosis.感染上了感染

21、上了ThebasictheoryofthetraditionalChinesemedicineisadoptedfromthetheoryofyin andyangtheoryofthefiveelements.取自取自用分词短语代替状语从句The greatly increased sensitivity and speed of the PCR technique,as compared with traditional methods,allows earlier intervention and treatment.用动词不定式短语作定语或表示目的或结果的状语A recent resu

22、lt to come from work associated with the HGP is the discovery of the molecular mechanism that underlies the phenomenon that scientists call genetic anticipation.用形容词短语或介词短语代替关系从句It is becoming increasingly clear that molecular techniques are powerful ways to study many questions in biology,from ques

23、tions about development to those about evolution.常使用非限定动词或其短语和介词短语通常使用现在时态Ageneisspecificsequenceofnucleotidebases,whosesequencescarrytheinformationrequiredforconstructingproteins.To all the students:To all the students:Sometimes,Sometimes,struggles struggles and and hard-working hard-working are ar

24、e exactly exactly what what we we need need in in our our study study and and life.life.If If life life allows allows us us to to go go through through our our study study and and life life without without any any obstacles,obstacles,it it would would cripple cripple us.us.We We would would not not

25、be be as as strong strong as as we we could could have have been.been.And And we we could never fly like a butterfly.could never fly like a butterfly.Have Have a a great great day,day,a a great great life,life,struggle struggle a a little little if if you you need need to.to.Then Then fly.fly.If If

26、you you do do like like this,this,I I am am sure sure all all of of you you will will succeed in your work and life.succeed in your work and life.“FromGod,wecannotobtainwhatweimplore.Butweobtainallwemusthave.”Livewithnofear,facingalltheobstaclesanddifficulties.Buildupourconfidencetoovercomethem.欢迎大家提问、质疑交流、探讨Email:植物生理生化教研室