《段落推展方法》PPT课件.ppt

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1、段落段落推展方法 推展句wThe topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph,while the supporting sentences develop the main idea of the paragraph specifically.w推展句的写作方法：定义法，分类法，例证法，列举法，因果关系法，对照比较法（类比法），综合法。定义法(definition)wLove is an intimate and close feeling among people.Love means the caring and concern f

2、or each other.To love is to understand other people and accept their strengths and weaknesses.Love is in the whole life of the people.To love and to be loved affords true happiness in life.表示定义的方法wMeanwBe wRefer towBe defined as wBy saying _,we mean _.Examples wGood manners are important to us.Good

3、manners mean politeness in social activities.Politeness refers to good behavior in social communications.A polite person is popular everywhere and is respected by others.wGeneration gap refers to the distance and contradiction between the old and the young.As a social phenomenon,it results from the

4、different psychological qualities of the two age groups.It exists in all times and in all cultures and affects a wide range of aspects of life,from their attitudes about social events to their choices of clothes and foods.wPerseverance is fundamental to people who undertake great deeds.Perseverance

5、can be defined as steadfastness in purpose.It is perseverance that keeps people continually doing something valuable and admirable in spite of difficulties and discouragement.And it is perseverance that leads people with strong determinations to success in both career and life.wFrom the above exampl

6、es(sample paragraphs),we can find that this mode of developing a paragraph applies to certain abstract topics:love,perseverance,good manners,generation gaps and so on.从上面的例段中，可以看出定义法使用于较抽象的话题。分类法(classification)wGenerally speaking,there are 2 kinds of books:recreational and non-recreational books.Re

7、creational books are those that people read for passing their time.They read them for pleasure,usually in a state of relaxation.Novels,plays and fables are typical of this kind.Non-recreational books are those that people read for knowledge.They study them slowly and even laboriously.Textbooks and b

8、ooks on some specialized knowledge belong to this category.表示分类的方法wFall into wCan be classified into wCan be divided intowCan be categorized into wThere are _ types(kinds,sorts,classes)of _.w_ are of _ kinds.Examples wRecreational activities are necessary to peoples life.Recreational activities fall

9、 into major two types,physical activities and mental(intellectual)activities.Physical activities keep people healthy and energetic,while mental ones can relax peoples tiring mind and make people escape from daily troubles.wWe cannot live without music.Different people prefer to listen to different k

10、inds of music.Music can be divided into several categories.For example,there are classical music,traditional music,rock music and jazz music.wModern life cannot exist without transportation.In general,there are 7 different means of transportation.They are traveling by air,by train,by(public)bus,by(p

11、rivate)car,by ship,by bike and on foot.wCollege students are supposed to get to know the society outside campus.There are diverse means through which they can achieve the objective.For example,they can find some part-time jobs,participate in social practice.They can also know about the society by re

12、ading the newspapers,listening to the radio and watching TV.例证法(exemplification)wThere is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will.A task,no matter how difficult,can be accomplished if a person makes up his mind to do it.Take Rome as an example.It is known that Rome was not built in a

13、 day.Before she was built,her founders had suffered a great deal of severe hardship,but they never lost their faith and eventually succeeded in their efforts.Columbus,who discovered America,is another example of strong determination.In spite of defeat and affliction,he went forward and succeeded bec

14、ause of his singleness of purpose and perseverance.表示例证的方法wFor example,for instance,as an example,for a typical example,wSuch as,like,and so on.wLets illustrate,show,prove with the following example.wLets take as an examplewAn example,an instance,a case in pointExample wThe development of science an

15、d technology has brought about many changes in peoples life.This can be best illustrated by the invention of television,which has opened a new era for mankind.Through the use of TV people can learn the events which happened thousands of miles away and realize the dream of traveling around the world

16、without having to leave their home.How would you continue this paragraph if you were asked to give another example?wIt is often believed that practice makes perfect.As everybody can see,persistent practice will naturally lead to perfect performances and high efficiency.For example,when we learn Engl

17、ish,we have to learn such things as grammar,vocabulary,structure and so on.In order to achieve fluency and accuracy as well,we need practice in listening,speaking,reading and writing.Only through constant practice can we have a good command of English.Another case in point is learning to play the pi

18、ano.It is through repeated practice that a person learns to play the piano and becomes a skillful pianist.列举法(listing)wAttending schools abroad has many advantages.In the first place,students can learn advanced knowledge of science and technology from the advanced countries.Secondly,schools abroad c

19、an provide students with a better circumstance to learn foreign languages and make them grasp them more quickly.Thirdly,while studying abroad,young students can learn to become independent and develop all-round ability in order to adapt to the reality of society.表示列举的方法wFirst of all,secondly,thirdly

20、wIn the first place,in the second place,whats morewTo begin(start)with,secondly,in additionwFor one thing,for another thing,for still another thingExamples wTourism brings China a lot of good.Tourism brings China a lot of good.To To begin withbegin with,it enables the Chinese to know,it enables the

21、Chinese to know about the outside world and contributes to about the outside world and contributes to international friendship and mutual international friendship and mutual understanding.understanding.More importantlyMore importantly,it is,it is financially beneficial to China because financially b

22、eneficial to China because tourism greatly encourages foreign tourism greatly encourages foreign investment in China.investment in China.wCollege students who take part-time jobs can learn a number of things that are not taught in the classroom.First of all,since they have busy schedules,they have t

23、o learn how to budget their time more effectively.They gain experiences in organizing their day of activities properly.Secondly,since any job involves contacts and cooperation with other people,they learn how to get along well with different kinds of people.Most important of all,part-time jobs give

24、students a chance to learn the value of responsibility.In brief,what they learn from doing part-time jobs enhances their integrity as well as their practical abilities.因果关系法(cause and effect)wGenerally speaking,life in big cities is always convenient.This is mainly because there are all kinds of mod

25、ern facilities in big cities such as big department stores,supermarkets,hospitals,theatres,schools,banks and so on where people meet their daily needs.Another reason for the convenience of city life is there are various means of transportation in big cities which provide city residents with mobility

26、.表示因果关系的方法wBecause of,on account of,due to,owing towA reason for,a cause of wSincewThereforewAs a resultwConsequently,in consequencewSo,accordinglyExamples wReading good books is one of the greatest pleasures in life.A major reason is that reading good books increases our contentment when we are che

27、erful and lessens our troubles when we are sad.Another reason why reading good books benefits us is that it offers us experience.In books,we may meet various people and get to know new thoughts which are beyond our experience of daily life.In this way we become well-informed.wCity traffic is a burni

28、ng problem today.As cities grow larger and more crowded,traffic is unbearably heavy.Slow movement,jams and the ever-present threat of accidents all cause no end of worry to people on their way.Waste gases and smog given off by automobiles are bad consequences of heavy city traffic too.比较对照法（类比法）(com

29、parison and contrast)wThere exist great differences between the city and the countryside.Generally speaking,the environment is better in the countryside.It is quieter,cleaner and fresher than the city.On the other hand,people in the city can get a good education,various kinds of entertainment,and fr

30、ee public health services.In addition,transportation in the city is more convenient than in the countryside.To sum up,life in the city is more colorful,while life in the countryside is boring.表示比较对照的方法wAsas,wBy comparison,in comparisonwBe different from,be contrary to wDiffer from wOn the other hand

31、wBy contrast,in contrastwOn the contrarywUnlikewWhile,whereaswDisadvantages of a large population or a small population have long been discussed in the newspaper.A large population may result in poverty.Good land is limited.Each person produces less and can only get lower average income.A small popu

32、lation,like a large one,also has some disadvantages.The building of facilities such as ports,roads and railways is hindered because there is not a large demand to justify them.The market will decline and industry will be obstructed.The developed countries prefer to see a slow increasing population r

33、ather than one which is stable or on the decline.Traveling by train or by air?wMost people like traveling by train better than by air.They have three main reasons to do so.wTo begin with,traveling by train costs less,so much money can thus be saved.In contrast,the price of flight tickets is often ma

34、ny times higher than that of the train tickets.Besides,it gives a traveler a closer chance to look at the scenery of land,which cannot be seen easily from an airplane.Most important of all,trains seem to be much safer than planes.So horrible is an air crash that very few do not get greatly shocked u

35、pon hearing of it.wIn a word,those who prefer to travel by train rather than by air have their own reasons for their choice.综合法w综合运用不同的推展方法。w上文就是一个例子。w在四六级实际写作中多数都是各种不同的推展方法的综合使用。Examples wThe way to success differs from person to person and from case to case.Very idle people may wish to succeed by

36、mere chance,while,on the contrary,a wise person knows there is no golden path but a difficult road:hard work.He tries hard to overcome problems he is faced with;he persists in his efforts no matter what happens;he listens to others advice patiently and follow their suggestions;and furthermore,he dep

37、ends on himself and have great self-confidence.wSelf-confidence means trust in ones own ability.As a necessary factor,it brings ones creative power to play,arouses ones enthusiasm for work and helps one overcome difficulties.For example,when asked of the secret of her success,Mme,Curie answered,“My

38、success lies in perseverance and self-confidence,the latter in particular.”wDifferent people have different views on happiness.Some politicians may think they will be happy if they have the highest power.Some businessmen believe they are happy when they make a fortune.Some find happiness in acquirin

39、g knowledge while others hold that liberty means happiness.Thus happiness has diverse meanings to various people.Is going into business preferable to teaching?wNowadays college graduates prefer going into business to taking a teaching position.According to a survey,there are 100 candidates competing

40、 for a vacancy in big companies,whereas there is only one applicant for a school where 10 teachers might be needed.As a result,many schools and colleges have been suffering an acute shortage of teachers.wWhy do so many graduates show this preference?One reason is the pay gap.An official report shows

41、 that entry-level salaries for a bank employee or a business executive can be 10 times higher than the monthly income for a teacher with a masters degree.Another reason is that going into business is an access to chances for personal success.The benefits of writing letterswWriting letters benefit us

42、 in various aspects.wFor one thing,it offers a source of mental exercise.It enriches our mind with analyzing and reasoning.Therefore,it helps keep psychological well-being and maintain the ability of the brain to respond.For another,writing letters can promote mutual understanding.When we write lett

43、ers,we exchange view of world and outlook on life,we communicate with others.Thus,in-depth correspondence early on can prevent large,painful misunderstanding later on.For still other thing,writing letters enables us to express thoughts and feelings to the full extent.A phone call may be mile wide,but inch deep.By contrast,we dig spiritual wealth while writing letters.Though it is time-consuming and energy-consuming,it is beneficial in knowing the inside world well.It may bring priceless treasure,timeless enjoyment and fruitful rewards.