《语言学导论》PPT课件.ppt
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1、An Introduction to Linguistics语言学导论 陈林华Chapter One Linguistics1.Definition2.Linguistics differs from other sciences in that it both uses languages as the tool and takes languages as its object to study.3.3.Philology Linguistics4.(语文学)(语言学)In the mid of 19thF.De Saussure(the founder of general lingui
2、stics)4.Linguistic study (1)diachronic study 历时性学习 Study the development of language in the course of time.研究语言在不同时期的特点。(2)synchronic study 共时性学习 Study linguistics at a particular point of time(given linguistic status or stage of a particular language)研究语言在同一时期的不同阶段。linguistic study:primary synchron
3、ic study 研究语言难在:language is always changing people in the same speech community do not say the same language features of a language,cant be replaced quickly and completely.5.Langue Parole langue 语言 parole 言语 a.a set of rules or conventionsb.an abstract linguistic systemc.in every speakers mindd.not
4、actually spokene.e.relatively stablea.Actual spokenb.Specific(concrete)c.situationald.the use of the rules ore.conventions Parole is the realization of the langue6.Language competence language performance LAD innate(capacity/intuitive to acquire language)experience Grammar(for a particular language)
5、competence performance isnt innateworking like a machineAs.Material product competence (Grammar)is equal to everybody ideal knowledge of language user performance isnt equal to everybody influenced by psychological and social factors.Performance is the realization of the knowledge Knowledge is the e
6、ssence of the competence Behavior is the essence of the performance Communicative Competence-Hymes7.prescriptivism&descriptivismPrescriptivism:a)Set down a kind of form,admit one dialect or variety is more superior than another.b)Form grammar,pronunciation,lexicon.Regulate people how to actually use
7、 language.How things should be.c)Language policeDescriptivism:a)Language is live,changing.If one of language is expressive,logical,then it is a good language.b)b)observer/recorder/of languagec)how things actually be/what people actually say.Chapter Two Language1.Definition of language2.:a set of rul
8、es(eg.Syntactic rules)A well-organized systemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsUsed for human communication:there is no logical and intrinsic connection between objects and symbols.:the sound,spoken language,most important medium.:people use it to represent objects,ideas,opinions or actions.:human specific (人类
9、特有)2.Design features of language(1)Arbitrariness(2)Productivity(3)Duality(4)Displacement(5)Cultural transmission(6)Transferability(7)Linearity(8)interchangeability3.Social functions of language(1)Communicative means(the most important one)(2)The means for conceptual thinking and recognition of (3)th
10、e world.(4)(3)The vehicle and transmitter of culture.(5)language is cultural-dependant(6)language mirrors culture4.Functions of language in communication(1)Phatic(2)Directive function(3)Informative function(4)Expressive function(5)Interrogative function(6)Evocative function(7)Performative functionCh
11、apter Three Phonetics:sound of language1.Definition of phonetics:The scientific study of speech sounds,which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings.2.Branches:3.(1)articulatory phonetics(发音(声)语音学):The 4.study of the production of the sound.5.(2)accustic pho
12、netics(声学语音学):concerned with 6.physical properties of these sounds.(3)Auditory phonetics(听觉语音学):concerned with the reception/perception of the hearer.3.International Phonetics Association(IPA)International Phonetics Alphabet(IPA)国际音标 (1)nasalized 鼻音化 元音 (2)velarized 软腭化 (3)devoiced 轻(弱)音化 (4)dentali
13、zed 齿音化 (5)asparated 吐气音Labials /p/b/m/Labiodentals /f/v/Alveolars /d/t/s/z/n/r/l/Velars /g/k/Interdentals /Palatals /h/?/Labiovelars /w/M/Vowels approximants(延续音)non-continuants continuants =glides liquids stops/plosive affricates fricatives w/M l =t s f j r nasal oral d z v h m p k t n b g d sibil
14、ants(hissing)sonorants obstruents(阻塞音)(voiced)响声 PalatalVoicedfricativez alveolar voiced fricativef fricative voiceless obstruent labiodentals w glide approximant sonorant voiced labiovelarsVowels1.The height of the tongue2.high vowels,mid vowels,low vowels2.The position of the tongue3.front vowels,
15、central vowels,back vowels3.lip-rounding4.unrounded vowels,rounded vowels4.Tenseness of the tongue5.tense vowels,lax vowelsRounded vowels:/u:/u/ou/:/Unrounded vowels:/i:/i/e/ei/:/Tense vowels:/i:/u:/ei/ou/a:/:/:/Lax vowels:/i/u/e/Chapter Four Phonology1.Definition:the science or the scientific study
16、 of the system and the patterns of the speech sounds of languages.2.Phonetics(语音学):how the sounds produced,transmitted,received.3.Phonemes(音位):speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are called phonems.Phone:(音素)a phone is a phonetic unit or segment in the p
17、honetically realization of a phoneme.ph 2 versions of one phoneme/p/Phones 2 realization of one phoneme p=The number of allophones(音位变体)is limited.Allophones:The different phones which represent or derive from one phoneme are called the allophones of that phoneme.一个音位的不同变化形式 音位变体每一个可以读出的音叫做音素。一个音如果没
18、有读出叫做音位。4.Phonetic representation 语音表达 phonemic representation 音位表达 Phonetic representation:of utterances shows what the speakers know about the pronunciation of utterances.Phonemic representation:of the utterances shows what the Speakers know about the abstract or underlying phonemic representation
19、 of words.5.Minimal pair:when two different words are identical in every way except for one phoneme which occurs in the same place,they are said to form a minimal pair.6.Phonemic feature:(distinctive feature)区分特征 when two words are phonetically identical except for one feature,the phonetic differenc
20、es is distinctive,as this difference alone can account for the meaning contrast.7.Free variations:the different pronunciations of one word are called free variations.8.Complementary distribution:when two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment,they are said t
21、o be in complementary distribution.9.Syllables(音节):a syllable is the smallest structured sound unit made up of a rule-governed sequence of phonemes.peak 音节峰 peakSyllable onset 节前辅音 kn coda 音节尾 onset coda/m/n/l/r/can be peak phonological rules:The rules that determine the occurrence of phonemes in pa
22、rticular language.distinctive feature:(phonemic feature)区分特征(音位特征)suprasegmental features:pitch 音调 falling tone(超切分的音位特征)intonation语调 rising tone(suprasegmental stress重音 fall-rise tone phonemes)length音长 rise-fall tone pause停顿 juncture音渡,连音10.Phonological rule 音位规则(1)aspiration rule 吐气规则(2)Assimilati
23、on rule 同化规则(3)Devoicing rule 轻音化规则(4)Dentalization rule 齿音化规则(5)Nasalization rule 鼻音化规则(6)Homorganic nasal rule 同部位鼻音规则(7)Deletion rule 省略规则(8)Vowel schwa rule 非重读元音规则(9)Metathesis rule 移位规则 (11)dissimilation rule(10)Epenthesis rule 插音规则 异化规则11.Formalization of phonological rules to become in the e
24、nvironment of features-before -after a sound#word final/word initial/p/+consonant +alveolar/k/-voiced /s/+fricative /t/+stop +consonantal -vocalic +sibilant -vocalic +voiced1.Nasalization rule:a vowel is nasalized when it appears 2.before a nasal.3.2.Aspiration rule:/p/k/t/appears at the beginning o
25、f a 4.word and before a stressed vowel.5.3.Unaspiration rule:/p/k/t/appears after/s/and before6.a stressed vowel.7.4.Devoicing rule:nasals and liquids when occurring after8.voiceless consonants,may become devoiced.9.5.Dentalization rule10.6.Vowel schwa rule11.7.Deletion ruleChapter Five Morphology1.
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