大学英语语法12-状语从句.ppt

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1、College English Grammar:College English Grammar:Grammar and WritingBy Zhu XiangjunUnit 12Clause:Adverbial clauses Grammar:Adverbial clauses Writing:Correcting:Article MisuseArticle Misuse Rewriting:Periodic/Loose sentencesPeriodic/Loose sentences Adverbial Clauses 1.Functions1.Functions An adverbial

2、 clauseAn adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that is a subordinate clause that functions as an adverb to modify a verb,an adjective,or functions as an adverb to modify a verb,an adjective,or an adverb.It tells an adverb.It tells when,where,how,why,to what extent,when,where,how,why,to what exte

3、nt,oror under what condition.under what condition.1.1.To modify a verb1.1.To modify a verbShe passed the driving test.She passed the driving test.She obtained her driving license.She obtained her driving license.After After she had passed the driving test she had passed the driving test,she,she obta

4、inedobtained her her driving license.telling driving license.telling whenwhen 1.2.To modify an adjective1.2.To modify an adjectiveThe library is a good place.The library is a good place.There we study well.There we study well.It is quiet.It is quiet.The library is a The library is a goodgood place t

5、o study because place to study because it is it is quietquiet.telling.telling whywhy 1.3.To modify an adverb1.3.To modify an adverbHe was often disappointed.He was often disappointed.He became hopeless.He became hopeless.He was disappointed He was disappointed soso often often that he became that he

6、 became hopelesshopeless.telling.telling to what extentto what extent 2.Forms and kinds2.Forms and kinds An adverbial clause always begins with subordinating An adverbial clause always begins with subordinating conjunction(such as conjunction(such as if,when,because,if,when,because,thanthan,although

7、although)and includes a subject(S.)and a predicate)and includes a subject(S.)and a predicate(P.).(P.).An adverbial clause=subordinating conjunction+S.+P.An adverbial clause=subordinating conjunction+S.+P.Subordinating conjunctions that introduce adverbial Subordinating conjunctions that introduce ad

8、verbial clauses may indicate a relationship of clauses may indicate a relationship of time,place,time,place,manner,reason,condition manner,reason,condition or or degreedegree.They cannot be.They cannot be omitted.They cannot be subjects.omitted.They cannot be subjects.Here are kinds of adverbial cla

9、uses and some of Here are kinds of adverbial clauses and some of their subordinating conjunctions.their subordinating conjunctions.Place:Place:where,whereverwhere,whereverTime:Time:after,before,since,until,when,whenever,while,after,before,since,until,when,whenever,while,etc.etc.Manner:Manner:as,as i

10、f,as,as if,etc.etc.Reason:Reason:as,because,for,in order that,since,so that,as,because,for,in order that,since,so that,that,that,etc.etc.Degree:Degree:as,than,as,than,etc.etc.Condition:Condition:in case,if,even if,provided,unless,in case,if,even if,provided,unless,etc.etc.Concession:Concession:altho

11、ugh,though,as,whereas,while,although,though,as,whereas,while,etc.etc.She goes to any place.She goes to any place.There are always crowds of people.There are always crowds of people.They are waiting to see her.They are waiting to see her.WhereverWherever she goes,she goes,there are always crowds of p

12、eople there are always crowds of people waiting to see her.waiting to see her.He rang off.He rang off.I had no time to explain.I had no time to explain.He rang off He rang off beforebefore I could explain.I could explain.He was exhausted.He was exhausted.He had been seemingly working for hours.He ha

13、d been seemingly working for hours.He was exhausted He was exhausted as ifas if he had been working for hours.he had been working for hours.3.Punctuation3.Punctuation When an adverbial clause begins the sentence,a When an adverbial clause begins the sentence,a comma is used to separate it from the m

14、ain ma is used to separate it from the main clause.She hesitated for a moment.She hesitated for a moment.She finally went in.She finally went in.She asked to see a dress.She asked to see a dress.The dress was in the window.The dress was in the window.Though she hesitated for a moment,Though she hesi

15、tated for a moment,she finally went in she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window.and asked to see a dress that was in the window.When the adverbial clause finishes the sentence there When the adverbial clause finishes the sentence there is no need for a comma.is no need for

16、 a comma.He waited and waited.He waited and waited.The volcano became quiet.The volcano became quiet.He waited and waited He waited and waited until the volcano became quiet.until the volcano became quiet.You can hear the clock.You can hear the clock.You can do so on the radioYou can do so on the ra

17、dioMicrophones are connected to the clock tower.Microphones are connected to the clock tower.You can hear the clock on the radio You can hear the clock on the radio because because microphones are connected to the clock tower.microphones are connected to the clock tower.4.Position4.Position Like an

18、ordinary adverb,the location of an adverbial Like an ordinary adverb,the location of an adverbial clause in a sentence is very flexible.You can place an clause in a sentence is very flexible.You can place an adverbial clause at the beginning,at the end,or in the adverbial clause at the beginning,at

19、the end,or in the middle of a sentence.middle of a sentence.If there are two adverbial clauses in a sentence,we If there are two adverbial clauses in a sentence,we usually place one in front of the main clause and one usually place one in front of the main clause and one behind it,as shown below.beh

20、ind it,as shown below.If the car had been larger,If the car had been larger,we would have bought it we would have bought it because we had a big familybecause we had a big family.When the action described in the adverbial clause When the action described in the adverbial clause happens before the ac

21、tion in the main clause,it is happens before the action in the main clause,it is more natural and more logical to place the adverbial more natural and more logical to place the adverbial clause before the main clause and vice verse.So,of clause before the main clause and vice verse.So,of the three s

22、entences above,the first one sounds the three sentences above,the first one sounds better than the third.See another example.better than the third.See another example.Until the rain stopped,Until the rain stopped,they waited and waited.they waited and waited.less naturalless naturalThey waited and w

23、aited They waited and waited until the rain stopped.until the rain stopped.more naturalmore natural When an adverbial clause is inserted in the When an adverbial clause is inserted in the middle of a sentence,it is usually put between the middle of a sentence,it is usually put between the subject an

24、d verb,indicating that the writer gets a subject and verb,indicating that the writer gets a sudden idea or feels necessary to mention or to sudden idea or feels necessary to mention or to illustrate.illustrate.My sisterMy sister,while I was taking a shower,while I was taking a shower,called from cal

25、led from California.California.The old ladyThe old lady,after she had had a dinner,after she had had a dinner,set out to set out to call on her second daughter.call on her second daughter.Note 1.Reducing Adverbial ClausesNote 1.Reducing Adverbial Clauses Adverbial clauses(particularly time clauses w

26、ith Adverbial clauses(particularly time clauses with after,before,while,whenafter,before,while,when and so on)can be and so on)can be shortened to phrases only when the subject of the shortened to phrases only when the subject of the adverbial clause is the same as the subject of the adverbial claus

27、e is the same as the subject of the main clause and its verb is“be”.The steps aremain clause and its verb is“be”.The steps are a)Check that the subject of both(main and Check that the subject of both(main and subordinate)clauses is the same person.subordinate)clauses is the same person.b)Omit the su

28、bject of the first clause.Omit the subject of the first clause.c)Omit the verb“be”.Omit the verb“be”.d)Replace the pronoun with the original noun so that Replace the pronoun with the original noun so that information is not lost.information is not lost.If If a drop of oila drop of oil is is placed i

29、n a glass of water placed in a glass of water,it it would float to would float to top.top.If placed in a glass of water If placed in a glass of water,a drop of oil would float to top.,a drop of oil would float to top.After After hehe waswas defeated by Jackson,defeated by Jackson,hehe was quickly fo

30、rgotten.was quickly forgotten.After defeated by Jackson,After defeated by Jackson,he was quickly forgotten.he was quickly forgotten.JackJack rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when when hehe waswas only sixteen years oldonly sixteen years old.Jack ros

31、e to fame swiftly after a boxing match Jack rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when only when only sixteen years old.sixteen years old.Though Though VerrazanoVerrazano is is by no means considered to be a great by no means considered to be a great explorer,explorer,hehe will probably never be

32、 forgotten.will probably never be forgotten.Though by no means considered to be a great explorer,Though by no means considered to be a great explorer,he will he will probably never be forgotten.probably never be forgotten.If there is no be verb,change the verb in the If there is no be verb,change th

33、e verb in the subordinating clause to its subordinating clause to its-ing-ing form.Sometimes form.Sometimes the subordinate conjunctions can be deleted as the subordinate conjunctions can be deleted as well.well.When he returns home at night,When he returns home at night,he always finds he always fi

34、nds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.that someone has parked a car outside his gate.When returning home at night,When returning home at night,he always finds that he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.someone has parked a car outside his gate.Returning home at

35、night,Returning home at night,he always finds that he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.someone has parked a car outside his gate.2)Special subordinators indicating time:2)Special subordinators indicating time:the minute,the moment,the second,the instant,the minute,the mome

36、nt,the second,the instant,the daythe day，every time,every time,immediately,directly,immediately,directly,no sooner than,hardly when,scarcely no sooner than,hardly when,scarcely when.when.The momentThe moment I spoke I spoke I regretted my words.I regretted my words.I programmed my computer to scan f

37、or viruses I programmed my computer to scan for viruses every timeevery time it turns on.it turns on.I told himI told him immediatelyimmediately he came.he came.No soonerNo sooner had I arrived home had I arrived home then then it began to rain.it began to rain.3)Special subordinators indicating pla

38、ce3)Special subordinators indicating place：where,anywhere,everywherewhere,anywhere,everywhere Generally,air will be heavily pollutedGenerally,air will be heavily polluted wherewhere there there are factories.are factories.WhereWhere there is a will there is a will,there is a way.,there is a way.You

39、can go You can go anywhereanywhere you like.you like.They collect antique furniture and folk ornaments They collect antique furniture and folk ornaments everywhereeverywhere they go.they go.4)Special subordinators indicating condition:4)Special subordinators indicating condition:providing/provided t

40、hat,supposing that,on providing/provided that,supposing that,on condition thatcondition thatI will comeI will come provided thatprovided that I am well enough.I am well enough.Supposing(that)Supposing(that)you are wrong,you are wrong,what will you do what will you do then?then?I will lend you the bo

41、ok I will lend you the book on condition thaton condition that you return you return it on Monday.it on Monday.5)Special subordinators indicating concession:5)Special subordinators indicating concession:as,whatever(=no matter what),whoever(=no as,whatever(=no matter what),whoever(=no matter who),whe

42、rever(=no matter where),matter who),wherever(=no matter where),whenever(=no matter when),whichever(=no whenever(=no matter when),whichever(=no matter which)matter which)Much Much asas I respect him,I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.I cant agree to his proposal.WhateverWhatever you say,you s

43、ay,I shall hold to my decision.I shall hold to my decision.HoweverHowever hard I worked hard I worked she was never satisfied.she was never satisfied.You can take You can take whicheverwhichever you like.you like.6)Special subordinators indicating comparison:6)Special subordinators indicating compar

44、ison:the more the more ;A is to B what/as X is to the more the more ;A is to B what/as X is to Y;Y;The moreThe more you exercise you exercise,the healthierthe healthier you will be you will be.Food is Food is toto men men whatwhat oil is oil is toto machine machine.7)Special subordinators indicating

45、 manner:7)Special subordinators indicating manner:the way the way Sometimes we teach our children Sometimes we teach our children the waythe way our our parents have taught us.parents have taught us.Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear Combine the sentences in each set into a single

46、 clear sentence containing at least one adverbial clause.sentence containing at least one adverbial clause.1.This time,he managed to climb into the mouth of the volcano.1.This time,he managed to climb into the mouth of the volcano.He could take photographs.He could take photographs.He could measure

47、temperatures.He could measure temperatures.This time,he managed to climb into the mouth of the volcano This time,he managed to climb into the mouth of the volcano so that he could take photographs and measure so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures.temperatures.2.He looked very we

48、ll.2.He looked very well.He was rather thirsty.He was rather thirsty.He drank half a bottle of milk.He drank half a bottle of milk.He looked very well though he was rather thirsty,for he drank He looked very well though he was rather thirsty,for he drank half a bottle of milk.half a bottle of milk.3

49、.He owned a large car.3.He owned a large car.He hardly ever used it.He hardly ever used it.He preferred to go on foot.He preferred to go on foot.Though he owned a large car,he hardly ever used it,preferring Though he owned a large car,he hardly ever used it,preferring to go on foot.to go on foot.4.T

50、he teacher explained that passage.4.The teacher explained that passage.He did so again and again.He did so again and again.Every student might understand it.Every student might understand it.In order that every student might understand it,the teacher In order that every student might understand it,t