国际贸易实务第五章.ppt

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1、Cargo TransportationCargo TransportationChapter FiveChapter Five2/21/20231Zhou RuiqiLEARNING OUTCOMES lUnderstand the importance of ocean transportation and how liner freight is obtained lKnow other modes of transportation in terms of their features,suitability and freight calculation lBe aware of t

2、he important of ocean bill of lading and its different typeslDescribe a range of other:transportation documents stipulate delivery clause in a sales contract 2/21/20232Zhou RuiqiModes of transportationlOcean Transportation lAir TransportationlRail TransportationlRoad TransportationlContainer Transpo

3、rtationlInternational Multimode Transportation(IMT)/International Combined Transportation(ICT)lParcel Post TransportationlInland Waterway TransportationlPipeline Transportation2/21/20233Zhou Ruiqi5.1 Ocean TransportationlAdvantagesLarge capacityLow costEasy passage:not restricted by road or railslDi

4、sadvantagesSlowVulnerable to bad weather Less punctual lTypes of ocean transportationLiner transportationCharter transportationl98%of world trade in volume terms conveyed by sea transport2/21/20234Zhou Ruiqi5.1.1 Liner transportation lCharacteristics of Linerregular scheduled departuresspecified rou

5、teroutes with fixed base ports comparatively fixed freight rates2/21/20235Zhou Ruiqi5.1.1 Liner transportation lTypes of linersConference linerslFreight rate quoted by shipping conferencelStable freight rateslRegular servicesNon-conference linerslFreight rate quoted by independent carriers or vessel

6、 operators lLess dependable servicelHigh flexibility 2/21/20236Zhou Ruiqi5.1.1 Liner transportation lLiner Freight Inclusive of the loading and unloading cost Inclusive of other costs such as demurrage or dispatch moneylComposition of liner freightBasic freightSurcharges and additionalslCalculation

7、formula of liner freightTotal Freight=Total Quantity x Basic Rate x (1+Surcharge/Additional Rates)2/21/20237Zhou Ruiqi5.1.1 Liner transportationlCriteria for calculating basic freightW(weight ton)calculated per metric ton on weight,suitable for heavy goods M(measurement ton)calculated per cubic mete

8、r on measurement,suitable for light goods W/M on the basis of either weight ton or measurement ton(both under the name of freight ton),subject to the higher one,suitable for goods with high value (Note:1WT=1MT)Ad Val.(A.V.)on the basis of value of the goods and expressed in a percentage of the FOB p

9、rice or value,suitable for goods with high valueW/M or A.V.on the basis of either weight ton,measurement ton or value,subject to the highest oneUnit/Head suitable for goods marked“unit”in the tariffMinimum Rate suitable for goods in extremely small quantityOpen Rate suitable for goods marked“unit”in

10、 the tariff and in extremely large quantity,on the basis of the agreement between the carrier and the consignor 2/21/20238Zhou Ruiqi5.1.1 Liner transportation2/21/20239Zhou Ruiqi5.1.1 Liner transportationlSurcharge 附加费 beyond our controlBunker Surcharge(bunker adjustment factor/BAF)燃油附加费(15%of the c

11、ost)Currency Surcharge(currency adjustment factor/CAF)货币贬值附加费Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费Transshipment Surcharge 转船附加费Deviation Surcharge 绕道附加费Port Surcharge 港口附加费2/21/202310Zhou Ruiqi5.1.1 Liner transportationlAdditionals 附属费 under our controlHeavy lift charges/Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重费(over

12、 5 M/T)Lengthy cargo charges/Extra charges on over lengths 超长费(over 9m)Bulky cargo charges 超大费(over 6cbm)Additional on direct 直行附属费lNot at basic port,volume over 1000 M/TAdditional on optional discharging port 选卸港附属费Additional for alternation of destination 变更卸港附属费2/21/202311Zhou RuiqiIllustration 1

13、lSupposeExporting 100 cases Volume 30 x60 x50cmGross weight 40kg,grade 9Freight basis W/MBasic freight rate HKD109Bunker surcharge 20%,Currency Surcharge 10%lQ:freight?lSolution30 x60 x50cm=0.09m30.04 M/TFreight=0.09 x 109 x 100 x(1+20%+10%)=HKD1275.32/21/202312Zhou Ruiqi5.1.1 Liner transportationlT

14、ramps 不定期船/charter vesselCharacteristicslNo fixed routes lNo fixed timetables lFreight charged on the volume of cargolSuitable for cargo of a complete shipload(eg.bulk cargo)Types of charterslVoyage charterlTime charter lBare boat charter2/21/202313Zhou Ruiqi5.2 Air TransportationlFour main types of

15、 air transportationScheduled Airlines 班机lregular scheduled departureslspecified routelroutes with fixed base ports lcomparatively fixed freight ratesChartered Carriers 包机lThe hire of a craft by either total chartered carriers orlPartial chartered carrierslFor consignments of large quantity or reachi

16、ng the same destination2/21/202314Zhou Ruiqi5.2 Air TransportationlFour main types of air transportationConsolidated Consignment 集中托运lAssembling a number of individual shipments arriving at the same destination into one consignmentlDispatched one air waybillAir Express 航空急件运输lFastest and safest serv

17、icelHigher freight rate lDesk to desk service 2/21/202315Zhou Ruiqi5.2 Air TransportationlAir freight W:by weight(kg)M:by measurement(cm3)W/M:by the higher of the two(Note:6000cm3=1kg)lCalculation formula:same as the one for liner freight calculation2/21/202316Zhou RuiqiIllustration 2 lQuestionConsi

18、gnor A gets one consignment of 10 cartons of leather shoes to transport by air.The measurement of each carton is 50 x50 x50cm,while gross weight of each is 15kg.How much should the consignor pay to the carrier if the air freight rate is USD1.3/kg?lSolution50 x50 x50cm=125000cm36000cm3=1kg 125000cm3=

19、20.83kg20.83kg15kgFreight=USD1.3x20.83x10=USD270.792/21/202317Zhou Ruiqi5.3 Transportation DocumentslBill of Lading,B/L 海运提单lConsignment Note(for Rail and Road)铁路、公路提单lAir Waybill 航空运单lParcel Post Receipt 邮包收据2/21/202318Zhou Ruiqi5.3.1 Bill of LadinglFeatures Receipt of the goodsEvidence of the cont

20、ract of carriage by the shipping company to carry the goodsA document of title to the goodslContents(See Specimen 5.1-5.2)On the face:information about contracted parties,full particulars of the cargo,terms of carriage contract,etcOn the back:general terms and conditions of the contract of carriage.

21、2/21/202319Zhou RuiqiTypes of bill of lading lShipped B/L and Received for Shipment B/LShipped(on board)B/L 装运提单lIssued by the shipping companylAfter goods shipped on board the designated vessellIndicating date of shipment and name of the vessel lFor consignee to receive the cargo at the destination

22、l“Shipped Bill”preprinted or“goods shipped on board vessel”written and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L2/21/202320Zhou RuiqiTypes of bill of ladingReceived(for shipment)B/L备运提单lGoods being received but not yet loaded lConfirmation of goods handed over to ship ownerlAbsence of d

23、ate of shipment and name of the vesselldifficult to anticipate date of arrival,hence not favorable by buyerlWays of becoming Shipped B/LExchange for a Shipped B/L after goods shipped on board the vesselWording such as“Goods shipped on board S/S Red Star on May 10,2008”added and signed by the carrier

24、 or the agent on the received B/L2/21/202321Zhou RuiqiTypes of bill of ladinglClean B/L and Unclean B/LClean B/L 清洁提单lReferring to one which does not declare a defective condition of the exterior packing of goodslProof that goods have been“shipped in apparent good order and condition”or“clean on boa

25、rd”or the likelFavored by buyers and banks for financial settlementUnclean/dirty/foul B/L 不洁/瑕疵提单lMarked as“unclean”,“foul”etc.eg.2 cases missing,3 cartons wet,1 case broken,cases inadequately packedlUsually unacceptable to buyers and banks2/21/202322Zhou RuiqiTypes of bill of ladinglStraight B/L,Or

26、der B/L and Bearer B/LStraight B/L 记名提单lMade out to a designated consigneelOnly the named consignee is entitled to the cargolNot transferable Bearer B/L(Open or Blank B/L)不记名提单lNo name of a definite consigneelThe consignee box left blank or open,or bearing the wording“To bearer”(至持有人)lCan be transfe

27、rred without endorsementlHigh risk unfavorable in international trade2/21/202323Zhou RuiqiTypes of bill of ladingOrder B/L 指示提单lMade out to the order of a named personlNo definite consignee,“To order”“To order of the shipper”or“To order of the consignee”insteadlNegotiable and transferable，but need e

28、ndorsement Special endorsement:signature of the endorser and name of the endorsee Blank endorsement:signature of the endorser but no name of the endorsee“To order”with blank endorsement indicating further transfer of the B/LlWidely used in international trade2/21/202324Zhou RuiqiTypes of bill of lad

29、inglDirect B/L and Transshipment B/LDirect B/L 直运提单 lport of shipment port of destinationlPreferred by the buyerTransshipment B/L转船提单lport of shipment intermediate port port of destinationlInvolving additional charges,longer time and higher risks in transit,therefore unfavorable to the buyerlAccepta

30、ble only when there is no direct service2/21/202325Zhou RuiqiTypes of bill of ladinglOriginal B/L and Copy B/LOriginal B/LlValid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agentlShowing“Original”and the number of the signed originals lNormally made out in a set of three originalslAn evid

31、ence showing the ownership of goodslPresented for taking the delivery of the goods at destination,one is used,the others becomes void automaticallyCopy B/LlBearing“Copy”“Duplicate”or“Non-negotiable”lNormally only used for reference or for recordsNote:B/L is not independent of each other.A received f

32、or shipment bill may also be a straight and clean bill.eg.Clean shipped direct bill of lading made out to order with a blank endorsement(most common in practice)2/21/202326Zhou Ruiqi5.4 Shipment Clause in the sales contractlContent of the shipment clauseTime of delivery or time of shipmentport(place

33、)and port(place)of destination Partial shipments and transshipmentLay days,demurrage and dispatchlStipulation Agreed upon by both the seller and buyerShould be clear and specific2/21/202327Zhou Ruiqi5.4.1 Time of Shipment vs.time of deliverylUnder shipment contracts(F&C Group)Symbolic delivery:Time

34、of shipment=time of deliveryThe time limit for loading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipmentlUnder arrival contracts(D Group)Actual delivery:Time of shipment time of deliveryTime of shipment the time for loading the goods on board vessel or other tr

35、ansportation means at the port of shipmentTime of delivery the time during which the seller passes the contracted goods to the buyer at the port of destination or at the agreed place.2/21/202328Zhou Ruiqi5.4.1 Time of Shipment vs.time of deliverylHow to define time of shipmentThe deadline by which t

36、he seller makes shipment of the contracted goodsTwo ways of setting the time of shipmentlBy clearly specifying a period of time or a deadlineShipment during/in/within July,2008Shipment on/before/not later than July 31st,2008lBy setting a time period upon receipt of payment Shipment to be made 15 day

37、s after the seller receives the L/C and the relevant L/C should reach the seller not later than 30th June,20082/21/202329Zhou Ruiqi5.4.1 Time of Shipment vs.time of deliverylIssues to be concerned Sufficiency in terms of lavailability of goodslavailability of shipping space lPayment eg.enough time f

38、or expediting,examining and modifying L/C Normally L/C should arrive at least 15 days before the time of shipmentFlexibility:avoid“shipment on May 15th”Claritylavoid wording like“Immediate shipment”,“Prompt shipment”,“Shipment as soon as possible”etc.2/21/202330Zhou Ruiqi5.4.2 Port of Shipment&Desti

39、nationlHow to definePort of shipment the port where goods are shipped and departlUsually decided by sellerPort of destination the port at which goods are dischargedlUsually decided by buyer,confirmed by sellerlWays of stipulationOne port:eg.Port of shipment:New York,USATwo ports or more eg.Port of d

40、estination:London/LiverpoolOptional ports(for port of destination only and in case when the buyer cannot decide the port of destination at the time of contracting)eg.Port of destination:Liverpool,optional Hamburg/London2/21/202331Zhou Ruiqi5.4.2 Port of Shipment&DestinationlIssues to be concernedShi

41、pment port close to the origin of the goodsTaking into consideration port facilities,regulations,specific transportation conditions,charges and possible sanctionsWording to be specific:avoiding“China port”,“European main port”etc.Considering possibility of same name for different ports(Victoria,Port

42、land,Birmingham,etc.):eg.Victoria,UK.2/21/202332Zhou Ruiqi5.4.3.Partial Shipment&TransshipmentlPartial shipmentgoods under one contract be shipped in more than one lotReasons:llack of means of conveyance or shipping space availabilitylLimitation of loading and unloading facilities lRestriction of ma

43、rket capacity or production abilityAccording to UCP600,Article 31“Transport documents,which appear on their face to indicate that shipment has been made on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey,provided they indicate the same destination,will not be regarded as covering partial shipm

44、ents,even if the transport documents indicate different dates of shipment and/or different ports of loading,places of taking in charge,or dispatch.”2/21/202333Zhou Ruiqi4.Transshipment&Partial ShipmentlTransshipmentUnloading and reloading from one vessel to another in transit from the port of loadin

45、g to the port of discharge stipulatedReasons:ldirect sailing between the port of shipment and destination is few and far between lno suitable ships available at that particular period2/21/202334Zhou Ruiqi4.Transshipment&Partial ShipmentlIssues to be concerned Whether to indicate them in sales contra

46、ct?lAccording to some contractual laws,if the contract doesnt allow partial shipment or transshipment,the seller has no right to do so,which is contradictory to that in UCP600 lTo avoid disputes-“Partial shipment/transshipment allowed”be stipulated in contractWording of such clause in the sales contract lShipment during Oct./Nov./Dec.,with partial shipments and transshipment allowed.lShipment during Jan./Feb.,1995 in two lotslShipment during Jan./Feb./Mar.,in three monthly lotslShipment during Jan./Feb./Mar.,in three equal monthly lots2/21/202335Zhou Ruiqi