大学英语第一课课件.ppt

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1、Unit 1Text A What Is a Decision?What is a decision?决策是什么?A decision is a choicemade from among alternative courses of action that are available.决策即是从几种可行的行为中做出选择.The purpose of making a decisionis to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.决策的目的是为了建立和达到组织的目标.The reason for making a

2、 decision is that a problem exists,决策的原因是存在着问题,goals or objectives are wrong目标有误,or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.或有某种东西妨碍着它的实现.Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.因此决策的过程对于管理是必不可和的.almost everything a manager does involves decisions,几乎管理者所做的所有事情都涉及

3、到决策.indeed,some suggest that the management process is decisions making.确实,有人认为管理过程就是决策过程.Although managers cannot predict the future,虽然管理者不能预测未来,many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events.但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情.Often managers must make a best guess at what the fut

4、ure will be通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测,and try to leave as little as possible to chance,从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生.but since uncertainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.但因为总存在着不确定性,所以风险常伴随着决策.Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight;有时候不明知的决策的结果没什么大不了的,at other times they are serious.有时却非常严重.C

5、hoice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.选择就是从可供选择的事物中进行选择的机会.If there is no choice,there is no decision to be made.如果没有选择,就不会有决策.Decision making is the process of choosing,决策是选择的过程,and many decisions have a broad range of choice.许多决策有很广的可选范围.For example,例如:a student may be able to choo

6、se among a number of different courses,为了完成得到大学学位的决策,in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.一个学生可以从许多不同的课程中选择.For managers,every decision has constraints based onpolicies,对管理者来说,每次决策都受到政策,procedures,laws,precedents,and the like.程序,法律,惯例等等因素的制约.These constraints exist at all le

7、vels of the organization.这些制约存在于各级组织中.Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.供选择的事物是指可供从中选择的可能的行为过程.If there are no alternatives,there is no choice and,therefore,no decision.如果没有供选择的事物,就不能做出选择,因此,就没有决策.If no alternatives are seen,如果找不到可供选择的事物,often it means th

8、at a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.通常意味着对这个问题还没有做彻底的审查.For example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion,例如:管理者有时用二者择一的方式来处理问题,this is their way of simplifying complex problem.这是他们简化复杂问题的方式.But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.

9、但这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的办法.At the managerial level,在管理级别上,decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them,决策包括限定并确定可选择的事物,and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.其范围从极其有限到实际上无限多.Decision makers must have some way of determining决策者必须有办法决定which of several

10、 alternatives is best,在若干种可供选择的事物中哪能种是最优的,that is which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.也就是哪种最有助于完成组织目标.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.组织目标是组织所追求达到的事件的结束或状态.Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have d

11、ifferent ideas about how to attain the goals,因为个体(和组织)关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点,the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.哪能种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策.Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually通常,一个组织中的各部门或单位做出的决策对他们个体来说是有益的.but that are less th

12、an optimal for the larger organization.但对更大的组织来说则不是最理想的.Called sub-optimization,所谓的局部最优化,this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function.这种权衡增加了对一个单位或一项职能的好处,but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.却减少了对其他单位或职能的好处.For example,the marketing manager may argue

13、 effectively for an increased advertising budget.例如:销售经理可能为了提高广告预算而极力说服他人.In the larger scheme of things,however,可在更大大的方案中,increased funding for research to improve the productsmight be more beneficial to the organization.提高研究基金以改进产品可能对整体组织更大有益处.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectiv

14、es that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.因为组织希望同时达到许多目标,这此权衡就会发生.Some of these objectives are more important than others,其中一些目标较其他目标更重要,but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.但其顺序和重要程度在人与人,部门与部门之间则常常不同.Different managers d

15、efine the same problem in different terms.不同的管理者用不同的术语定义同样的问题.When presented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problems,当面对一件日常事例时,销售经理倾向于去看销售环节的问题,production managers see production problems,and so on.生产经理则看生产环节的问题等等.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based

16、,in part,在某种程序上,多种目标的先后顺序和重要性on the values of the decision maker.也基于决策人的价值观念.Such values are personal;they are hard to understand,这此价值观具有个人色彩,因为其可变性和复杂性,even by the individual,because they are so dynamic and complex.即使对个体而言,也很难以理解.In many business situations,different peoples values about在许多交易情形下,不同

17、的人们关于风险和盈利的acceptable degrees of risk and profitabilitycause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.可接受程度的价值观念带来对决策正确性的不同意见.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象.But from a systems point of view,problems have multiple causes,但从系统的观点看,问题有多种原因,and deci

18、sions have intended and unintended consequences.决策有预期的和非预期的结果.An organization is an ongoing entity,一个组织是一个正在发展中的实体,and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.现在的决策可能给将来带来深远的影响.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequence of current decision.因而熟练的管理者会看到当前决策对未来

19、的影响.目标，客观的完成（任务等）预言陪同，伴奏简化解释，规定多样的，复合的挡路赚钱，获利进行中的，前进的objectiveaccomplish，achieve，attain，implement（工具）predict，make a guess ataccompanysimplify（simple，simplification）define（definition）multiple，various(vary)in the wayprofit，profitable，profitabilityongoingText B Secrets of Success at an Interview 面试成功的秘

20、诀The subject of todays talk is interviews.今天谈论的话题是面试.The key words here are preparation and confidence,which will carry you far.面试的关键是准备和自信,这将对你具有深远的意义.Do your homework first.首先你要做准备工作.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for尽量了解你所申请的工作,and the organization you hope to work for.以及你所希望

21、为之工作的组织机构.Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates.我会见过的许多雇主都对应聘者做了同样的批评,They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about.他们不知道日常工作做些什么.They have vague notions of furthering the companys prospects他们空具改进公司的前景or of serving the community,或服务社区的模糊概念,but

22、 have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasksthey will be required to do.“却从来不肯下功夫去发现他们将需要做的实际工作.Do not let this be said of you.不要让这些话涉及到你.It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.这表明你对雇主和工作没有吸引力,不感兴趣.Take the time to put yourself into the interviewers plac

23、e.花时间设身处地地为面试接见者想一想.He wants somebody who is hard-working他需要的是具有友爱的人格,努力工作,with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.并且对工作怀有真正兴趣的人.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview你所了解到的朋关未来雇主的任何信息都会在面试中对你有利,to show that you

24、 have bothered to master some fact about the people who you hope to work for.它表明你曾费心去了解你希望为之工作的人的有关事情.Write down(and remember)the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s)记录下(并且记住)面试中你想问的问题,so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions.这样他们请你提问时你就不会哑口无言了.Make sure that holidays a

25、nd pay are not the first things you ask about.你一定不要首先问及休假和报酬.If all your questions have been answered during the interview,reply:如果你的问题在面试中都得到了回答,你应该这样说:In fact,I did have several questions,but you have already answered them all.事实上,我的确有一些问题,但你们已经做出了回答.Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of so

26、mething that has been said during the interview面试中如果你想确认所谈及的内容中有什么隐含意义,if you want to be sure what was implied,but do be polite.不要害怕请示明示,但一定要有礼貌.Just before you go to the interview在去面试之前,look again at the original advertisement that you answered,再看看你应征的原始广告any correspondence from your prospective em

27、ployer,你未来雇主的所有信件,photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.你的求职信或求职表的复印件和你的简历.Then you will remember what you said and what they want.这样你就记住了你所说的和他们所希望的.This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time如果你在适时间内申请了许多工作,这点就很重要.as it is easy t

28、o become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.因为你很容易搞混乱了,给人以效率低的印象.Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview.确信何地何时你必须去面试.Go to the building(but not inside the office)a day or two before,if necessary,如果必要的话,面试前两天到面试的大楼(但不是办公室里)去一趟,to find out how long the jour

29、ney takes and where exactly the place is.弄清路有多远和确切的地点.Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview,为真正的面试做好早到5分钟或10分钟的打算,then you will have a little time in hand那么,你手头儿还有一点儿时间,and you will not panic if you are delayed.就不会为延误而惊慌.You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried an

30、d ten minutes late如果你急急忙忙地赶到,迟到10分钟,一开始你就处于不利地位.Dress in clean,neat,conservative clothes.穿着要干净,整洁,保守Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look现在不是尝试名牌打扮or(girls)to wear low-cut dresses with mini skirts.或女孩穿着领口开得很低的上衣和迷你裙的时候.Make sure that your shoes,hands and hair(and teeth)are clean and n

31、eat.确信你的鞋子,手,头发(和牙齿)干净,整洁.Have the letter inviting you for an interview准备好出示邀请你来面试的信件,ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.以防万一在交流中出现麻烦.You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel.你可能会发现你自己面对着一个接见者或一个专门小组.The latter is far more intimidating,but do not let it wor

32、ry you too much.后者令人害怕得多,但不要让它使你过分担忧.The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her.会见者前面可能会放一张桌子Do not put your things or arms on it.不要把你的东西和胳膊放在桌子上.If you have a bag or a case,put it on the floor beside your chair.如果你有一个包或一个箱子,把它放在你棒子旁边的地板上.Do not clutch it nervously or,worse still

33、,drop it,spilling everything.不要紧张地用手抓着,甚而更糟的是,掉在地上,把所有的东西都掉出来了.Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first.如果接见者首先伸过手来,你就和他握手.There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.几乎不可能五个人的专门小组中大家轮流与你握手.So you do not be upset if

34、 no one offers.所以如果没人主动伸手时,你不要感到不安.Shake hands firmly-a weak hand suggests a weak personality,握手要坚定有力-软弱无力的手说明软弱的个性,and a crushing grip is obviously painful.而挤压式的紧握显然是痛苦的.Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it不要刚一接触就放下你的手,as this will seem to show you do not like the other person因为这样似乎

35、表明你不喜欢对方.Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy.即使你感到害羞,说话也要礼貌,自然.Think before you answer any questions.在回答任何问题之前都要先想想.If you cannot understand,ask:如果你没有理解,可以这样请示:Would you mind rephrasing the question,please?“请您再重复一下这个问题,好吗?The question will then be repeated in different words.会见者

36、就会用不同的话重复一遍这个问题.If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot,如果当场你没有明确地被接受或拒绝,ask:“When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?你就要问:我可以期望在何时所到面试的结果呢?“If you do receive a letter offering you the job,如果你确实收到了提供给你工作的信函,you must reply by letter(keep a photocopy)as soon as po

37、ssible.Good luck!你必须忙地回复信函(保留复印件).祝好运!as的用法用作介词作为，担任He worked as a teacher in that school.似，像=likeShe behaved toward him as a mother.He spoke as a lawyer.He spoke like a lawyer.用作副词表示程度 asas“如同，好像”His face is as black as coal.He behaves as politely as Carlos.I guessed as much.用作连词，引导状语从句1.比较状语从句2.Th

38、is river is four times as long as that one.（This river is four times longer than that one.）1.2.引导让步状语从句2.Small as it is,the stone is very heavy.3.Try as I might,I couldnt lift the stone.4.3.引导时间状语从句5.Just as she was about to speak,she was handed a note.6.She sang as she worked.7.4.原因状语从句8.She was pa

39、id well,as she had worked well.9.As she was the eldest,she looked after the others.10.5.方式状语从句11.She cooks a chicken just as her mother did.12.Please do it exactly as I said.用作关系代词引导限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.=People such as you describe are rare nowadays.I have th

40、e same trouble as you have.I am working the night shift,as you know.He was against the plan,as could be expected.As can be judged from her eyes,she has no personal hostility to us.带as的一些习语as long as,so long as 只要As long as I live here,I do it in my way.as soon as 一就As soon as I left,I burst out laug

41、hing.as if/as though 好像I remember it as though it happened yesterday.as regards,as to,as for 关于（as for 用在句首，常含贬义）He has no complaints as to salary.as well,as well as 又，也I want some fruit juice,but I want soup as well.She wants a pen as well as a pencil.so as to,soas to 如此以致于We hurried so as to get there in time.He so arranged matters as to suit everybody.