新《试卷》2014英语二考研英语真题18.doc

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1、2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isnt always better. A number of studies have 1 that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of so

2、me diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually 2 . For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3 , among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.Of even

3、 greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is consi

4、dered obese. Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may

5、 be in poor 11 . For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes 15 in th

6、e media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. 17 very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasi

7、ng about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Mich

8、elle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. A denied B concluded C doubted D ensured2. A protective B dangerous C sufficient D troublesome3. A Instead B However C Likewise D Therefore4. A indicator

9、 B objective C origin D example 5. A impact B relevance C assistance D concern6. A in terms of B in case of C in favor of D in respects of7. A measures B determines C equals D modifies8. A in essence B in contrast C in turn D in part9. A complicated B conservative C variable D straightforward10. A s

10、o B while C since D unless11. A shape B spirit C balance D taste12. A start B qualify C retire D stay13. A strange B changeable C normal D constant14. A option B reason C opportunity D tendency15. A employed B pictured C imitated D monitored16. A comparedB combined C settled D associated17. A Even B

11、 Still C Yet D Only18. A despised B corrected C ignored D grounded19. A discussions B businesses C policies D studies20. A for B against C with D withoutSection Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark y

12、our answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found f

13、ortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve

14、 visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or

15、even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with timeas stories or memoriesparticularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems

16、most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is ofte

17、n more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonalds restricts the availability of its popular McRiba marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of H

18、appy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people aro

19、und the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was mon

20、ey well spent.21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?A A big house.B A special tour.C A stylish car.D A rich meal.22. The authors attitude toward Americans watching TV is_.A criticalB supportiveC sympatheticD ambiguous23. McRib is mentioned in Paragra

21、ph 3 to show that_.A consumers are sometimes irrationalB popularity usually comes after qualityC marketing tricks are often effectiveD rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money_.A has left much room for readers criticismB may prove to be a worthwhile purchas

22、eC has predicted a wider income gap in the USD may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to_.A balance feeling good and spending moneyB spend large sums of money won in lotteriesC obtain lasting satisfaction from money spentD become more reasonable in spending on

23、luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think youre more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psych

24、ologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect,” or “illusory superiority,” and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with othersall obviously statistical impossibilities.We

25、rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking were hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-

26、enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an

27、 automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation.” If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering imagewhich most didthey genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in response

28、s. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real dire

29、ctly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. “I dont think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,” says Epley. “Its a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you wont be self-enhancing

30、. Knowing the results of Epleys study, it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves viscerallyon one level, they dont even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancers paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, t

31、he cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. Its not that peoples profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealised version of themselves. ”26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that _.A our s

32、elf-ratings are unrealistically highB illusory superiority is a baseless effectC our need for leadership is unnaturalD self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be peoples_.A rapid matchingB conscious choiceC intuitive responseD automatic self-defence28. Epley fo

33、und that people with higher self-esteem tended to_.A underestimate their insecuritiesB believe in their attractivenessC cover up their depressionsD oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Para. 5) is closest in meaning to_.A instinctivelyB occasionallyC particularlyD aggressively30. I

34、t can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancers paradise because people can_.A present their dishonest profilesB define their traditional lifestylesC share their intellectual pursuitsD withhold their unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial r

35、evolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since tec

36、hnology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation sudden

37、ly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MITs Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Pow

38、er of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or c

39、reativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.Its time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th

40、 century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.” That is not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable act

41、ivities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not r

42、eally about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would_.A ease the competition of man vs. machineB highlight machines threat to human jobsC provoke a painful technological revolutionD outmode our

43、 current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that_.A technology is diminishing mans job opportunitiesB automation is accelerating technological developmentC certain jobs will remain intact after automationD man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues

44、 that jobs in the U.S. are often_.A performed by innovative mindsB scripted with an individual style C standardized without a clear targetD designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed_.A the predictability of machine behavior in practice B

45、the formula for how work is conducted efficientlyC the ways machines replace human labor in modern timesD the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?A How to Innovate Our Work Practices?B Machines Will Replace Human

46、LaborC Can We Win the Race Against Machines?D Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing se

47、ctor must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the a