新《试卷》2019年考研英语二真题【本年份排版PDF标准排版一致】18.docx

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1、2019年考研英语二真题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often,

2、this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active, to focusing 3 on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only o

3、f 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice significan

4、t changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me t

5、o 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but Im const

6、antly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. Im experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-

7、in. Ive also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 Im training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel, how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. A Besides2. A helps3. A ini

8、tially4. A recordingB ThereforeB caresB solelyB loweringC OtherwiseC warnsC occasionallyC explainingD HoweverD reducesD formallyD accepting5. A modifyB setC reviewD reach6. A definitionB depictionC distributionD prediction7. A due toB regardless ofC aside fromD along with8. A orderlyB rigidC precise

9、D immediate9. A claimsB judgmentsC reasonsD methods10. A insteadB thoughC againD indeed11. A trackB overlookC concealD report12. A depend onB approve ofC hold ontoD account for13. A shareB adjustC confirmD prepare14. A resultsB featuresC rulesD tests15. A boredB anxiousC hungryD sick16. A principleB

10、 secretC beliefD sign17. A requestB necessityC decisionD wish18. A disappointingB surprisingC restrictingD consuming19. A ifB unlessC untilD because20. A obsessingB dominatingC puzzlingD triumphingSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions af

11、ter each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a childs growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children arent born knowing how to say

12、“Im sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply

13、 uncomfortable its the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, a

14、dding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions arent binary feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by

15、prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology pro

16、fessor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfa

17、ll by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the childrens self-observations, she rated each childs overall sympathy leve

18、l and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-pr

19、one ones shared more, even though they hadnt magically become more sympathetic to the other childs deprivation.“Thats good news, ” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help .A regulate a childs

20、 basic emotionsB improve a childs intellectual abilityC foster a childs moral developmentD intensify a childs positive feelings22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be .A deceptiveB burdensomeC addictiveD inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes fr

21、om an awareness that .A emotions are context-independentB emotions are socially constructiveC emotional stability can benefit healthD an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing.A may help correct emotional deficienciesB can result from either sympa

22、thy or guiltC can bring about emotional satisfactionD may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to.A teachingsB discussionsC restrictionsD wrongdoings15Text 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight agai

23、nst climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of

24、 this trap but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable “carbon sinks” long into the future may require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The states propos

25、ed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forests capacity to pull carbo

26、n from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees

27、 in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.California plans to treat 35, 000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 financed from the proceeds of the states emissions-permit auctions. Thats only a small share of the total acreage

28、that could benefit, about half a million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that

29、would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, but traditionally theyve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part f

30、orests will have to play in storing carbon. Californias plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying “one of the harder challenges,” the author implies that .A global climate change may get out of controlB people may misunderstand global wa

31、rmingC extreme weather conditions may ariseD forests may become a potential threat27. To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks,” we may need to .A preserve the diversity of species in themB accelerate the growth of young treesC strike a balance among different plantsD lower their present carbon

32、-absorbing capacity28. Californias Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to .A cultivate more drought-resistant treesB reduce the density of some of its forestsC find more effective ways to kill insectsD restore its forests quickly after wildfires29. What is essential to Californias plan according to Paragra

33、ph 5?A To handle the areas in serious danger first.B To carry it out before the year of 2020.C To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.D To obtain enough financial support.30. The authors attitude to Californias plan can best be described as .A ambiguousB tolerantC supportiveD cautiousText 3America

34、n farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years. The complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more straightforward visa for agricultural workers that would let foreign workers stay longe

35、r in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry. If this doesnt change, American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are

36、changing. Todays farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled rather than migrating and more likely to be married than single. Theyre also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now more than half are. A

37、nd picking crops is hard on older bodies. One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as its been all along: Native U.S. workers wont be returning to the farm.Mechanization isnt the answer, either not yet, at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has be

38、en largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before theyre automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A

39、visa to fill the gaps in the workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled. The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 a year. Even so, employers

40、complain they arent given all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led the average H-2A worker to arrive on the job 22 days late. The shortage is compounded by federal immigrationraids, which remove some workers and dr

41、ive others underground.In a 2012 survey, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western farmers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported.

42、 Little more than a decade later, the share of imports was 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.31. What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B Biased laws in favor o

43、f some American businesses.C Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.D Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .A the rising number of illegal immigrantsB the high mobility of crop workersC the lack of experienced laborersD the ag

44、ing of immigrant farm workers33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in U.S. farming?A To attract younger laborers to farm work.B To get native U.S. workers back to farming.C To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D To strengthen financial support for farmers.34. Agricultural

45、 employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .A slow granting proceduresB limit on duration of stayC tightened requirementsD control of annual admissions35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A U.S. Agriculture in Decline?B Import Food or Labor?C America Saved by Mexico?

46、D Manpower vs. Automation?Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: Its easy to beat plastic. Theyre part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to cu