兰德-更具弹性的国家级卫星定位、导航和定时能力(英文)-2021.5正文版.doc
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1、Analyzing a More Resilient National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing CapabilityRICHARD MASON, JAMES BONOMO, TIM CONLEY, RYAN CONSAUL, DAVID R. FRELINGER, DAVID A. GALVAN, DAHLIA ANNE GOLDFELD, SCOTT A. GROSSMAN, BRIAN A. JACKSON, MICHAEL KENNEDY, VERNON R. KOYM, JASON MASTBAUM, THAO LIZ NGUYEN, J
2、ENNY OBERHOLTZER, ELLEN M. PINT, PAROUSIA ROCKSTROH, MELISSA SHOSTAK, KARLYN D. STANLEY, ANNE STICKELLS, MICHAEL J. D. VERMEER, STEPHEN M. WORMANHSACHOMELAND SECURITYOPERATIONAL ANALYSIS CENTERAn FFRDC operated by the RAND Corporation under contract with DHSPublished in 2021PrefaceThe 2017 National
3、Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) mandated a study “to assess and identify the technology-neutral requirements to backup and complement the posi-tioning, navigation, and timing PNT capabilities of the Global Positioning System GPS for national security and critical infrastructure.”Having accurate PNT
4、 is essential for critical infrastructures across the country, and currently GPS is the primary source of PNT information for many applications. However, GPS signals are susceptible to both unintentional and intentional disruption, thus leaving critical infrastructure vulnerable. Because of the esse
5、ntial need for precise positioning or timing in many critical-infrastructure sectors, the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) was tasked to provide the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) with a study of the costs and benefits of proposed new PNT systems for the various type
6、s of critical infrastructure.This research was sponsored by the DHS National Protection and Programs Directorate, Office of Infrastructure Protection, and conducted within the Acquisition and Development Program of the HSOAC federally funded research and development center (FFRDC).About the Homeland
7、 Security Operational Analysis CenterThe Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Section 305 of Public Law 107-296, as codified at 6 U.S.C. 185), authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security, acting through the Under Secretary for Science and Technology, to establish one or more FFRDCs to pro-vide independe
8、nt analysis of homeland security issues. The RAND Corporation oper-ates the HSOAC as an FFRDC for the DHS under contract HSHQDC-16-D-00007.The HSOAC FFRDC provides the government with independent and objective analyses and advice in core areas important to the department in support of policy develop
9、ment, decisionmaking, alternative approaches, and new ideas on issues of sig-nificance. The HSOAC FFRDC also works with and supports other federal, state, local, tribal, and public- and private-sector organizations that make up the homeland security enterprise. The HSOAC FFRDCs research is undertake
10、n by mutual consentvviAnalyzing a More Resilient National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Capabilitywith DHS and is organized as a set of discrete tasks. This report presents the results of research and analysis conducted under HSHQDC-17-J-00441, Analysis of Position Navigation Timing (PNT) Alte
11、rnatives.The results presented in this report do not necessarily reflect official DHS opin-ion or policy.For more information on HSOAC, see www.rand.org/hsoac. For more informa-tion on this publication, see www.rand.org/t/RR2970.ContentsPreface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviiCHAPTER ONEIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Scoping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Outline of This Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8CHAPTER TWOConsiderations in Evaluating Backups and Complements to PNT/GPS Systems. .
20、 . . . . . 11 Prior Efforts That Examined the Value and Vulnerabilities of PNT Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Considerations in Evaluating Potential Backups or Complements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12CHAPTER THREEIdentify Threats and Vulnerabilities of G
21、PS and Other PNT Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 A Systematic Way to Consider the Risks of a Full Range of Threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Explicating the Threat Matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21A Specific Case: Cyberattacks Against GPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35CHAPTER FOURConduct an Economic Analysis of the Damages Resulting from Varied Threatsto PNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Approach for Conducting the Economic Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38viiviiiAnalyzing a More Resilient National Positioning, Navigation, and
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