GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版.pdf
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1、 My Manhattan(5th)Notes Daisyotw CH1 SC Basics 1.控制在 60s75s 2.做题步骤:理解原句,垂直阅读选项,split 排除错误,放回原文检查 CH2 Grammar&Meaning 一.语法:/主谓一致,平行,代词,修饰语,动词时态、语态和主被动,比较和习语 二.语义:1.词的选择:(1)注意一词多义 Economic-经济的;economical-节约的;合算的;有效的 Aggravate-加重,恶化;aggravating-令人愤怒的 Known as 被认为是,很著名;known to be-被承认;known for Loss of
2、失去;loss in-贬值 Mandate-命令;have a mandate-拥有选举权 Native of-(人)来自;native to 物种起源于 Range of 多种的;ranging-变化 Rate of 速度或频率;rates for 价格 Rise-上升,无方向,单纯上升;raise-(打赌或工资)上涨,有方向 Such as 比如;like-好像(举例只能用 such as,不能用 like)Try to do 努力去完成;try doing 尝试去做 Impale-刺穿;impel-逼迫(2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变 (*sh
3、ould 表“应该”,不表示 likelihood;法律法规只能用 must 不能用 should)(3)选项和原文态度一致 2.词的位置:关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序 3.词的搭配:主谓一致,逻辑一致,make sense 三.避免冗余:!1.在一个句子中,不要用两个意思一样的词 Rise-increase;sum-total;regain-again;enable-be able to;attempt-try;other than-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among;have torequire
4、及近义词 then-later;so-in order to 2.注意 being、having,虽然二者大多数情况是错的,但 GMAT 也通常会制造一些其他的语 法错误,使得此类选项稍好一点。(being 除了 2 种情况:1,介词being done;2,进行时被动语态 be being done)3.注意修饰时间的词在一个句子里的重复 过去:previously;formerly;in the past;before now 现在:now;currently;presently;at present;每年:annual;each year;a year EG:OG12 unaccompa
5、nied是不好的表达,意思不如not accompanied 清晰;另外关于什么 的增长,一般的用法是increase in sth,而不是 increased sth 四.关于简洁:1.简洁是 GMAT 最后考到的点,只有在语法和意思都无误的情况,才选择最简洁的(不作为排除的法则)语法题中,如果一个词可以搞定的意思,不要用一个短语 EG:differhave difference in CH3:主谓一致 1.一个句子中必须存在主语和谓语;连词(because,although)开头的句子必须有主句 2.主谓逻辑合理 3.主谓单复数一致 GMAC 隐藏主语的方式:主谓之间插入大量词语(介短,前
6、置后置短语,从句,其它修饰语)。跳过以上可忽略的词语,找到句子结构(主谓),决定单复数 vs additive phrases(1)and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构,谓语动词要用复数。、(2)其他连接性的词(along with,in addition to,as well as,together with,including)虽然也表达“and”的意思,但是连接不同的名词,只是起修饰作用,不会改变主语的单复数,不影响谓语动词。.Joe,as well as his friends,IS going to the beach.(3)一些表示学科的词(physics,mathemat
7、ics)、一些活动有氧运动(aerobics)和一些疾病糖尿病(diabetes)虽然以 s 结尾,仍属于单数名词,谓语动词用单数。注:有且只有“and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词(如 2 所示)的单数主语,依然是单数主语。,either.or,neither.nor (1)就近原则:离谓语动词近的是单数,谓语动词就用单数;复数就用复数 EG:Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.(2)若仅仅只有 either or neither,没有 or、nor,则谓语动词一定要用单数 3.集合性名词 一般
8、用单数(看做一个整体,跟单数谓语)People:agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd(群众)orchestra(乐队),team Items:baggage,citrus(橙类),equipment(设备),fleet(舰队/小河),fruit,furniture(家具).The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.4.不确定代词:一般用单数 Anyone,anybody,anything,no one,nobody,nothing,eac
9、h,every,someone,somebody,something,everyone,everybody,everything,whatever,whoever,either or.;neithernor.*特殊情况,如果遇到“SANAM”需要根据后面的“OF 的介宾短语”中的名词内容确定谓语的单复数*EG:Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.其中,Any of;none of:可能是单数或复数,not one 永远是单数.Any of thes
10、e women ISa suitable candidate for marriage to my son.Not one of my friends IS here this weekend./vs every 放在复数主语之前用复数,复数主语之后用单数 EG:every dog and cat has paws.They each are great tennis players.6.量词 A number of+复数主语+复数谓语(a number of 可以看成是 some/many)The number of+复数/单数主语+单数谓语 half,majority,minority,p
11、lurality(多数)既可以是单数也可以是复数 根据其修饰的主语(of 后面的词)决定其单复数。通常表示一个大群体的一部分时,用复数。7.短语或者从句:用单数(1)-ing 的短语做主语,用单数 Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.¥(2)从句做主语,用单数 Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.8.倒装:向后看 EG:near those buildings SITS a lonely house,inhabited by squatters.*定语从句内结构最好不用倒装 OG 68:sth that
12、 be,当前面的 sth 做主语的时候,that be 一般要省略,否则不符合英文表达习惯;另外,诸如 evidence 之类的词,后面要跟 that 从句。9.当不能确定是否是单复数时候,大多是单数。(当 GMAT 迷惑我们的时候,大都是单数)*小结:$CH4 平行 一.平行结构的标志词 二.平行元素 1.有时候 be,can,to会被省略掉,多个平行时同省同留 2.从句开头的引导词不可以省略,即使引导词一样 Right:I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE I pav low taxes.引导词也可以不一样,更要保留
13、 Right:There are many people WHO speak English BUT WHOSE parents do not.-3.引导词前面的词不可以省略,确保句子愿意完整 Wrong:Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right:Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.此句中“those”不能省略,否则改变句子愿意。但是“popular”可以省略。三.And 一般原则(逗号原则):A and B A,B,and C
14、A,B,C,and D 当连接两个元素是独立句子时候,会用 A,and B really like candy apples,AND I eat them often.分层并列无论并列的元素有多少,同一个并列连词连接的必须结构相似,词性相同!可以在一个句子同时用不同的并列连词,表示不同的层次。Right:She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.四.一些
15、要求平行的常见习语 句子中的动词不都平行,很有可能是动词的-ing 或者-ed 形势,表示伴随 不要想当然地认为句子里每个成分都要平行,考虑逻辑意义和层级关系!五.系动词 两边的成分要并列:表达的是“主语是什么/主语处于什么状态”把系动词看做平行标志,使主语和宾语平行 Wrong:The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.Right:The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.CH5 代词 代词是 GMAT 中最常见的考点,每次见到代词都应检查指代是否清晰正确,单复数是否一致。一.先行词必须存在 注意有些名词
16、是作为形容词、所有格出现,这样的名词不能作为先行词 名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。EG:The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires,which would be devastating to it.It 无指代对象,因为 park 在此处是形容词,真正的主语是 park rangers。二.先行词和代词逻辑合理 将代词换为先行词,该句子必须还是有意义,说的通 EG:wrong:Although the term”supercomputer”may sound wonderful,it is s
17、imply an extremely mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.right:Although the term supercomputer may sound fanciful or exaggerated,it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.此处,it 指代就有问题,“term”不是机器,“term”指向机器,所以要用
18、“refer to”三.代词和先行词单复数一致 GMAT 为了迷惑大家,会在主语和主句前面,加上从句,比如:along with/by,要找到真正的先行词。四.五大代词:it,its,they,them,their 在句中出现需特别注意 五.this,that,these,those,that,these,those 在句子中不能裸奔,必须用作 this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用,而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。EG:New”nano-papers”incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,
19、或 those 表示先行词的 new copy,避免重复。EG:The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.,但 that 和 those 所指代的 New copy 必须被修饰,即要说明与先行词有什么不同(spent by her children),否则不能裸奔 或 those 表明新 copy 的时候一定前后完全一致(包括单复数),否则需要重复先行词。EG:Her company is outperforming those of her competitors.错,those 与 comp
20、any 单复数不一致,应将 those 替换为 the companies.和 they 或人称代词是完全指代:即指代先行词本身*one,that,those 指代另外的事物或 new copy 六.代词的歧义 1.每个代词都清楚指代一个先行词 特别是每个 it 和 its,they,them和 their 在一个句子中必须指代一模一样的单数先行词 避免混淆:可以将其中一个代词用其他名词替代 2.一个代词前有很多先行词:易歧义,优先看主语¥*特殊情况除外,最好不要选混淆指代的选项(如果遇见除了代词其他一模一样的选项,优先考虑重复名词的选项而不是代词表示的选项,because super-saf
21、e 3.格(1)代词主格可用做主语:I,you,she,he,it,we,they,who (2)代词宾格用作宾语:me,you,him,her,it,us,them,whom (3)所有格:my,mine,your,yours,his,her,hers,its,our,ours,their(常考),theirs,whose*代词在句子主语的位置上,通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。*代词前有所有格,指代有争议。最好将所有格变为 X of Y 形式 EG:Wrong:The board is investigating several executives compensation pack
22、ages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.Right:The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.Right:The board is investigating the compensation packages of several exe
23、cutives in order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may have been improperly awarded.¥,that 只能指代物,只有 who,whom,those 才能指代人 CH6 修饰语 一.形容词和副词 1.形容词修饰名词或者代词;副词修饰除了名词和代词外,其余词均可修饰。考试中最长出现的修饰结构:形容词+形容词+名词:在此结构中,两个形容词均修饰名词 副词+形容词+名词:在此结构中,副词修饰形容词,形容词修饰名词 EG:Wrong:James is Maxs supposedly Irish ancestor.
24、Right:James is Maxs supposed Irish ancestor.supposed 修饰 ancestor,表明 James 可能是,也可能不是 MAX 的 ancestor.EG:Maxs grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处 supposedly 一定要用副词形式,因为 M 的奶奶肯定是 M 的祖先,只是不知道是不是他的 Irish祖先而已,因此副词再次修饰形容词了。*常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语:corresponding,frequent,independent,rare,recent,seeming,
25、separate,significant,supposed,usual.二.名词修饰语:修饰名词的词或词组,可以是形容词、介词短语,过去分词前置,不加逗号的现在分词,从句,同位语 1.名词与其修饰语要相邻 如果修饰语与其他名词相邻(而不是应该修饰的名词),那此修饰语是 Misplaced Modifier。Wrong:Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house,which cut through the woods.此句修饰语 which cut through应该修饰 road 而不是 house。所以,应该把 road 放到修饰
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