热泵翻译词汇.pdf

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1、 原文：1.Introduction A heat pump extracts heat from a source and transfers it to a sink at a higher temperature.According to this definition,all pieces of refrigeration equipment,including air conditioners and chillers with refrigeration cycles,are heat pumps.In engineering,however,the term heat pump

2、is generally reserved for equipment that heats for beneficial purposes,rather than that which removes heat for cooling only.Dual-mode heat pumps alternately provide heating or cooling.译文：1。介绍 一个热泵提取热量从源传输到一个水槽在更高的温度。根据这个定义,所有的制冷设备,包括空调和制冷循环冷却装置,热泵。然而,在工程术语热泵通常是保留给设备加热有益的目的,而不是仅仅移除热的冷却。双模式交替热泵提供加热或冷却

3、。原文：Heat reclaim heat pumps provide heating only,or simultaneous heating and cooling.An applied heat pump requires competent field engineering for the specific application,in contrast to the use of a manufacturer-designed unitary product.译文：热回收热泵提供加热,或同时加热和冷却。应用热泵需要主管领域工程的具体应用,相比使用制造商设计统一的产品 原文：Appl

4、ied heat pumps include built-up heat pumps (field-or custom-as-sembled from components)and industrial process heat pumps.Most modern heat pumps use a vapor compression (modified Rankine)cycle or absorption cycle.Although most heat pump compressors are powered by electric motors,limited use is also m

5、ade of engine and turbine drives.Applied heat pumps are most commonly used for heating and cooling buildings,but they are gaining popularity for efficient domestic and service water heating,pool heating,and industrial process heating.译文：应用热泵包括组合热泵(字段或 custom-as-sembled 组件)热泵和工业过程。大多数现代热泵使用蒸汽压缩(修改兰金)

6、周期或吸收循环。尽管大多数热泵压缩机是由电动机驱动的,有限的使用也是由发动机和涡轮机驱动。应用热泵加热和冷却建筑物最常用的,但他们是越来越受欢迎,有效的国内和服务水加热,池加热,和工业过程加热。原文：Applied heat pumps with capacities from 1.75kW to 44MW operate in many facilities.Some machines are capable of output water temperatures up to 105 and steam pressures up to 400kPa(gage).译文：应用热泵与能力从 1.

7、75 kw 到 44 mw 操作在许多设施。一些机器能够输出水温高达105400 kpa 和蒸汽压力(计)。原文：Compressors in large systems vary from one or more reciprocating or screw types to staged centrifugal types.A single or central system is often used,but in some instances,multiple heat pump systems are used to facilitate zoning.Heat sources in

8、clude the ground,well water,surface water,gray water,solar energy,the air,and internal building heat.Compression can be single-stage or multistage.Frequently,heating and cooling are supplied simultaneously to separate zones.译文：压缩机在大型系统变化从一个或多个往复或螺丝类型上演了离心类型。单个或中央系统经常使用,但在某些情况下,多个热泵系统是用来促进分区。热源包括地面、井

9、水、表面水、灰水、太阳能、空气和内部建筑热。可以单级或多级压缩。频繁,同时提供加热和冷却分离区。原文：Decentralized systems with water loop heat pumps are common,using multiple water-source heat pumps connected to a common circulating water loop.They can also include ground coupling,heat rejectors(cooling towers and dry coolers),supplementary heater

10、s(boilers and steam heat exchangers),loop reclaim heat pumps,solar collection devices,and thermal storage.The initial cost is relatively low,and building reconfiguration and individual space temperature control are easy.Community and district heating and cooling systems can be based on both centrali

11、zed and distributed heat pump systems.译文：分散的水环热泵系统是常见的,使用多个水源热泵连接到一个共同的循环水循环。他们还可以包括地面耦合、热分离器(冷却塔和干冷却器),辅助加热器(锅炉和蒸汽热交换器),循环回收热泵,太阳能收集装置和蓄热器。初始成本相对较低,建筑温度控制很容易重新配置和个人空间。社区和地区供暖和冷却系统可以基于集中式和分布式热泵系统。原文：HEAT PUMP CYCLES Several types of applied heat pumps(both open-and closed-cycle)are available;some re

12、verse their cycles to deliver both heating and cooling in HVAC systems,and others are for heating only in HVAC and industrial process application.The following are the four basic types of heat pump cycle 译文：热泵循环 几种类型的应用热泵(开放和闭路)是可用的;一些扭转他们的周期提供加热和冷却在暖通空调系统中,而其他人则是只在暖通空调取暖和工业流程应用程序。以下是四种基本类型的热泵循环。原文：

13、Closed vapor compression cycle.This is the most common type in both HVAC and industrial processes.It uses aconventional,separate refrigeration cycle that may be singlestage,compound,multistage,or cascade.译文：关闭蒸汽压缩循环。这是最常见的类型在暖通空调和工业过程。它使用的是传统的,独立的制冷循环,可能是单级,化合物,多级或并联级。原文：Mechanical vapor recompressi

14、on(MVR)cycle with heat exchanger.Process vapor is compressed to a temperature and pressure sufficient for reuse directly in a process.Energy consumption is minimal,because temperatures are optimum for the process.Typical applications include evaporators(concentrators)and distillation columns.译文：机械蒸汽

15、再压缩(MVR)循环热交换器。蒸汽压缩过程的温度和压力足够直接重用一个过程。能源消耗最小,因为温度优化的过程。典型应用包括蒸发器(集中器)和蒸馏塔。原文：Open vapor recompression cycle.A typical application is in an industrial plant with a series of steam pressure levelsand an excess of steam at a lower-than-desired pressure.Heat is pumped to a higher pressure by compressing

16、 the lower-pressures team.Heat-driven Rankine cycle.This cycle is useful where large quantities of heat are wasted and energy costs are high.The heat pump portion of the cycle may be either open or closed,but the Rankine cycle is usually closed.译文：打开蒸汽再压缩循环。一个典型的应用程序在一个工业厂房与一系列的蒸汽压力持续过度的蒸汽压力低于预期。热注入

17、到一个更高的压力通过压缩低压团队。受热量驱使兰金循环。这个循环是有用的,大量的热量被浪费和能源成本很高。的热泵部分周期可以是打开或关闭,但郎肯循环通常是关闭的。原文：HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS Selecting a heat source and sink for an application is primarily influenced by geographic location,climate,initial cost,availability,and type of structure.译文：加热源和热汇选择一个热源水槽为应用程序主要是受到地理位置、气候、初始成本

18、,可用性和类型的结构。Air 原文：Outdoor air is a universal heat source and sink medium for heat pumps and is widely used in residential and light commercial systems.Extended-surface,forced-convection heat transfer coils transfer heat between the air and refrigerant.Typically,the surface area of outdoor coils is 5

19、0 to 100%larger than that of indoor coils.The volume of outdoor air handled is also greater than the volume of indoor air handled by about the same percentage.During heating,the temperature of the evaporating refrigerant is generally 6 to 11K less than the outdoor air temperature.译文：室外空气是一种通用的热泵热源与水

20、槽的媒介,广泛用于住宅和商业系统。扩展表面,强制对流传热线圈之间的空气和制冷剂传热。一般来说,户外线圈是 50-100%的表面积比室内线圈。室外空气的体积也大于处理室内空气由相同的体积百分比。加热时的温度制冷剂的蒸发,通常是 6-11 k 低于室外空气温度。原文：When selecting or designing an air-source heat pump,two factors in particular must be considered:(1)the local outdoor air temperature and(2)frost formation.As the outdo

21、or temperature decreases,the heating capacity of an air-source heat pump decreases.This makes equipment selection for a given outdoor heating design temperature more critical for an air-source heat pump than for a fuel-fired system.Equipment must be sized for as low a balance point as is practical f

22、or heating withouthaving excessive and unnecessary cooling capacity during the summer.译文：在选择或设计一个空气源热泵,特别是必须考虑两个因素:(1)当地的室外空气温度和(2)结霜。随着室外温度降低,空气源热泵的供热能力降低。这使得设备的选择对于一个给定的室外设计温度加热更关键的空气源热泵比燃料系统。设备必须大小的低一个平衡点为取暖是实际在夏天在不过度和不必要的冷却能力。原文：Water can be a satisfactory heat source.City water is seldom used b

23、ecause of cost and municipal restrictions.Groundwater(well water)is particularly attractive as a heat source because of its relatively high and nearly constant temperature.Water temperature depends on source depth and climate,but,in the United States,generally ranges from 5 in northern areas to 20 i

24、n southern areas.Frequently,sufficient water is available from wells(water can be reinjected into the aquifer).This use is non consumptive and,with proper design,only the water temperature changes.Water quality should be analyzed,and the possibility of scale formation and corrosion should be conside

25、red.In some instances,it may be necessary to separate the well fluid from the equipment with an additional heat exchange.Special consideration must also be given to filtering and settling ponds for specific fluids.Other considerations are the costs of drilling,piping,pumping,and a means for disposal

26、 of used water.Information on well water availability,temperature,and chemical and physical analysis is available from U.S.Geological Survey offices in many major cities.译文：水可以是一个令人满意的热源。城市水是很少使用,因为成本和市政的限制。地下水(井水)作为热源格外具有吸引力,因为它的相对较高,几乎恒定的温度。水温取决于源深度和气候,但是,在美国,通常在北部地区范围从 5-20在南部地区。通常,充足的水可以从井(水可以注入

27、到含水层)。这个用非消费,通过适当的设计,只有水温度变化。水质分析,应考虑结垢和腐蚀的可能性。在某些情况下,可能需要单独的井液与额外的热量交换的设备。特别还必须考虑为特定的液体过滤和沉降池。其他因素是钻井的成本、管道泵,用于水处理的一种方式。井水的信息可用性、温度和化学和物理分析可以从美国在许多主要城市地质调查办公室。原文：Heat exchanges may also be submerged in open ponds,lakes,or streams.When surface or stream water is used as a source,the temperature drop

28、 across the evaporator in winter may need to be limited to prevent freeze-up In industrial applications,waste process water(e.g.,spent warm water in laundries,plant effluent,warm condenser water)may be a heat source for heat pump operation.Sewage,which often has temperatures higher than that of surf

29、ace or groundwater,may be an acceptable heat source.Secondary effluent(treated sewage)is usually preferred,but untreated sewage maybe used successfully with proper heat exchange design.Use of water during cooling follows the conventional practice for Water-to-refrigerant heat exchanges are generally

30、 direct-expansion or flooded water coolers,usually shell-and-coil or shell-and-tube.Brazed-plate heat exchanges may also be used.In large applied heat pumps,the water is usually reversed instead of the refrigerant.译文：热交流也可能被淹没在开放池塘、湖泊或流。当表面或溪水作为源,蒸发器的温度下降在冬天可能需要限制防止冰冻期 在工业应用中,工艺用水浪费(如。在洗衣店了温水,工厂废水,温

31、暖冷凝器水)可能是一个热源热泵操作。污水,通常温度高于表面或地下水,可能是一个可接受的热源。二次废水(污水处理)通常是首选,但未经处理的污水可能与适当的换热设计成功地使用。用水冷却期间遵循传统的实践 Water-to-refrigerant 热交流通常直接膨胀或淹水冷却器,通常 shell-and-coil 或壳管。Brazed-plate 热交流也可以使用。在大型应用热泵,水通常是逆转而不是制冷剂。Ground The ground is used extensively as a heat source and sink,with heat transfer through buried

32、coils.Soil composition,which varies widely from wet clay to sandy soil,has a predominant effect on thermal properties and expected overall performance.The heat transfer process in soil depends on transient heat flow.Thermal diffusivity is a dominant factor and is difficult to determine without local

33、 soil data.Thermal diffusivity is the ratio of thermal conductivity to the product of density and specific heat.The soils moisture content influences its thermal conductivity.There are three primary types of ground-source heat pumps:(1)groundwater,which is discussed in the previous section;(2)direct

34、-expansion,in which the ground-to-refrigerant heat exchange is buried underground;and(3)ground-coupled(also called closed-loop ground-source),in which a secondary loop with a brine connects the ground-to-water and water-to-refrigerant heat exchanges(see).Ground loops can be placed either horizontall

35、y or vertically.A horizontal system consists of single or multiple serpentine heat exchange pipes buried 3 to 6 ft apart in a horizontal plane at a depth3 to 6 ft below grade.Pipes may be buried deeper,but excavation costs and temperature must be considered.Horizontal systems can also use coiled loo

36、ps referred to as slinky coils.A vertical system uses a concentric tube or U-tube heat exchange.地面 地面是广泛使用作为热源和水池,通过埋线圈与传热。土壤成分,不同于湿粘土沙质土壤,主要影响热性能和预期的整体性能。土壤中的传热过程取决于瞬态热流。热扩散系数是一个主导因素,是没有本地土壤数据很难确定。热扩散系数的导热系数比产品密度和比热。土壤的含水率影响其导热系数。有三个主要类型的地源热泵热泵:(1)地下水,这是在前一节中讨论;(2)直接膨胀,ground-to-refrigerant 热交换的埋藏地

37、下,和(3)如(也称为闭环地源热泵),用盐水二次回路中连接 ground-to-water water-to-refrigerant 热交流(见)。地面循环可以水平或垂直放置。水平系统包括单个或多个蛇形热交换管道 3 到 6 英尺分开埋在一个水平面 depth3 6 英尺以下的成绩。管道埋深,但开挖成本必须考虑和温度。水平系统也可以使用螺旋循环称为弹簧线圈。一个垂直系统使用一个同心管或 u 形管换热。原文：Solar energy may be used either as the primary heat source or in combination with other sources

38、.Air,surface water,shallow ground-water,and shallow ground-source systems all use solar energy indirectly.The principal advantage of using solar energy directly is that,when available,it provides heat at a higher temperature than the indirect sources,increasing the heating coefficient of performance

39、.Compared to solar heating without a heat pump,the collector efficiency and capacity are increased because a lower collector temperature is required.Research and development of solar-source heat pumps has been concerned with two basic types of systems:direct and indirect.The direct system places ref

40、rigerant evaporator tubes in a solar collector,usually a flat-plate type.Research shows that a collector without glass cover plates can also extract heat from the outdoor air.The same surface may then serve as a condenser using outdoor air as a heat sink for cooling.An indirect system circulates eit

41、her water or air through the solar collector.When air is used,the collector may be controlled in such a way that(1)the collector can serve as an outdoor air preheater,(2)the outdoor air loop can be closed so that all source heat is derived from the sun,or(3)the collector can be disconnected from the

42、 outdoor air serving as the source or sink.译文：可以使用太阳能作为主要热源或结合其他来源。空气、地表水、浅层地下水和浅层地源热泵系统都使用太阳能间接。直接利用太阳能的主要优势在于,当可用时,它提供了热量在温度高于间接来源,增加供热性能系数。相比,太阳能加热热泵,集电极效率和容量增加,因为较低的收集器温度是必需的。太阳能热泵的研究和开发已经关心系统的两种基本类型:直接和间接的。直接系统制冷剂蒸发管在太阳能集热器的地方,通常是一个平板类型。研究表明,没有玻璃盖片的收藏家也可以从室外空气中提取热量。相同的表面可能会作为冷凝器使用室外空气作为冷却散热器。一种

43、间接系统通过太阳能集热器循环水或空气。当使用空气时,收集器可以控制的方式(1)收集器可以作为户外空气预热器,(2)室外空气循环可以被关闭,所有来自太阳的热量来源,或(3)收集器可以从室外空气作为源断开或下沉。Heat pumps are classified by(1)heat source and sink,(2)heating and cooling distribution fluid,(3)thermodynamic cycle,(4)building structure,(5)size and configuration,and(6)limitation of the source

44、and sink.shows the more common types of closed vapor-compression cycle heat pumps for heating and cooling service.Air-to-Air Heat Pumps.This type of heat pump is the most common and is particularly suitable for factory-built unitary heat pumps.It is widely used in residential and commercial applicat

45、ions(see).The first diagram in is a typical refrigeration circuit.In air-to-air heat pump systems,air circuits can be interchanged by motor-driven or manually operated dampers to obtain either heated or cooled air for the conditioned space.In this system,one heat exchange coil is always the evaporat

46、or,and the other is always the condenser.Conditioned air passes over the evaporator during the cooling cycle,and outdoor air passes over the condenser.Damper positioning causes the change from cooling to heating.Water-to-Air Heat Pumps.These heat pumps rely on water as the heat source and sink,and u

47、se air to transmit heat to or from the conditioned space.(See the second diagram in.)They include the following:Groundwater heat pumps,which use groundwater from wells as a heat source and/or sink.They can either circulate source water directly to the heat pump or use an intermediate fluid in a clos

48、ed loop,similar to the ground-coupled heat pump 热泵进行分类(1)热源和水槽,(2)加热和冷却流体分布,(3)热力循环,(4)建筑结构,(5)的大小和配置,(6)限制的源和汇。显示了更常见类型的关闭蒸汽压缩热泵循环加热和冷却的服务。空对空热泵。这种类型的热泵是最常见的,尤其适合提出统一的热泵。它广泛用于住宅和商业应用程序(见)。第一个图是一个典型的制冷电路。在空对空热泵系统中,空气回路可以互换电动或手动调节阀获得加热或冷却空气的空间。在此系统中,一个总是换热盘管蒸发器,另一个总是冷凝器。的空气经过蒸发器冷却循环期间,和室外空气通过冷凝器。阻尼器定

49、位导致改变冷却加热。Water-to-Air 热泵。这些热泵依靠水作为热源和水槽,并使用空气传输热量或条件的空间。(见第二个图。)他们包括以下:地下水热泵,将地下水从井作为热源和/或下沉。他们可以直接源水热泵循环或使用一个中间流体在一个封闭的循环,类似于如热泵 Surface water heat pumps,which use surface water from a lake,pond,or stream as a heat source or sink.As with ground-coupled and groundwater heat pumps,these systems can

50、either circulate source water directly to the heat pump or use an intermediate fluid in a closed loop.Internal-source heat pumps,which use the high internal cooling load generated in modern buildings either directly or with storage.These include water-loop heat pumps.Solar-assisted heat pumps,which