大学英语翻译技巧和翻译方法指导.pdf
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1、.1 翻译方法和翻译技巧 翻译方法:methods of translation 1.直译 literal translation 2.意译 free translation 3.异化 alienation 4.归化 domestication 直译和意译 所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基)应当指出,在再能确切
2、的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original.When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary,in grammatical structure and rhetorical device,literal translat
3、ion must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation,which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章)1.直译(literal translation)指在翻译过程中按原文逐字逐句一对一的翻译。人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题,即如何在保持原语形式的同时,不让其意义失真。直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。简单地.2 说,直译指在译文中采用
4、原作的的表达方法,句子结构与原句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。e.g.one country,two systems 一国两制 The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流 2.意译(free translation;paraphrase)是指根据原文的大意来翻译,不作逐字逐句的翻译(区别于“直译”)。通常在翻译句子或词组(或更大的意群)时使用较多,意译主要在原语与译语体现巨大文化差异的情况下得以应用.从跨文化语言交际和文化交流的角度来看,意译强调的是译语文化体系和原语文化体系的相对独立性。意译是指译者在受到译语社会
5、文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法,另觅同意等效的表达方法,或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。(杨莉藜)e.g.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.不必过早地担心。(不必自寻烦恼)Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是好欺骗的吗?Dont lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.直译:不要等马被盗后,才去锁马厩门。意译:亡羊补牢。直译和意译的区别.3 1.
6、It s a Smoke Free Area.直译:它是个自由吸烟区。意译:它是个无烟区。2.Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.直译:莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。意译:莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。3.John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at theparty.直译:晚会上,约翰不愿从壳里钻出来与其他人说话。意译:晚会上,约翰不愿丢掉矜持与别人交谈。4.He is a rough-and-ready character.直译:他是个粗兽并有准备的人。意译:他是个粗鲁但尚能
7、顶用的人。5.He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks.直译:他用橡皮支票付账,并给自己带来了麻烦。意译:他用空头支票结账,并给自己带来了麻烦。翻译原则 直译是基础,意译是补充 直译不等于死译(dead translation):1.例:街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.“In the street”should be replaced by“in the community”.2.例:她一大早起床,
8、进城,见到了她的公爹。.4 She got up early,went to the town and saw her public father.“Public father”should be“father in law”.意译的例子:It rains cats and dogs.3.例:Little fish does not eat big fish.直译:小鱼不吃大鱼;意译:胳膊拧不过大腿 例:天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福。直译:Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.意译:T
9、he weather and human life are both unpredictable.有人说,翻译是带着镣铐跳舞(translation is like dancing in fetters);还有人说,翻译像女人,忠实的不漂亮,漂亮的不忠实。实际上,忠实与通顺的关系是辩证关系。练习 1.He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头,还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪
10、。2.Its an ill wind that blows nobody good.对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。3.Every dog has his day.人人皆有得意日。4.It means killing two birds with one stone.这意味着一石二鸟。这意味着一举两得。这意味着一箭双雕。5.你不要班门弄斧。Dont display your axe at Lu Bans door.Dont teach your grandmother to suck eggs.Never offer to teach a fish to swim.5 6.Nixon w
11、as smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.尼克松满面春风,基辛格更是笑容可掬。7.在我的后园,可以看见墙外有两株树,一株是枣树,还有一株也 是枣树。Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees:one is a date tree,the other is also a date tree.8.Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是好骗的吗?9.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the cha
12、racter of a French man.法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。虎恶狐狡,兼而有之,这就是法国人的性格。10.Every spirits you take is a nail in your coffin.你喝的每一杯酒都在缩短你的性命。你喝的每一杯酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。11.The first time I saw her,half of my life ago,she nearly took my breath away.大半生前第一次见到她,她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。大半生前第一次见到她,我就惊呆了。12.芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。Reed F
13、lute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.13.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心太早。不必自寻烦恼。14.Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是好骗的吗?15.I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.我要的是这样一个人,他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟,然后率领部队前进。16.Ruth was upsetting the
14、 other children,so I showed her the door.鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子,我把他撵了出去。17.The operation may not succeed;its a gamble whether he lives or dies.6 手术不一定成功,能否保住他的性命,只能一赌。18.But after six years of a stormy marriage,Cewe decided to end it.六载婚姻生活,风雨交加,赛维决定结束这种婚姻。19.The boxes,being museum quality,would have increased
15、 in worth over the years,and made people remember me“with growing appreciation.”九只盒子,都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里,随着岁月流逝,它们的价值还会越来越高,人们也会记住我,“越来越感激”我。20.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.意译:砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。直译:砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散。21.H
16、e had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多 B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。22.“你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说,无可奈何地摇摇头。(寒 夜)“You really do refuse to give in until all hope is gone.”she murmured,shaking her head helplessly.23.It is a long lan
17、e that had no turning.误:那是一条没有弯的长巷。正:无论多长的巷也有弯的地方(路必有弯,事必有变)。24.We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.误:我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。正:对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。25.At the door to the restaurant,a stunning,porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶.7 瓷般脸蛋的
18、妇女叫我脱下鞋子。在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女,涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人,她叫我脱下鞋子。在 通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女,她身着和服,仪态优美,面庞陶瓷般光洁白皙,叫我脱去鞋子。26.The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引人景 象是
19、和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般,漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间,这引人注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间的不断斗争。米黄色的混凝土摩天大楼之间,飘荡着小小的古老的日本,构成了一道吸引人的风景,恰恰象征着和服与迷你裙间不断的斗争。27.千字比十字只多一小撇,不是差不多嘛?The character 千 differs from 十 in merely having one additional short stroke.Arent they about the same?28,我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜皮的事儿,还没有顾得上呢。(新儿女英雄传)We havent
20、had time,weve been too busy with chicken feather and onion skin affairs,with light trivial matters!29,“八字没有一撇呢”Not even the first stroke of the character 八 is in sight.30、三个人品字式坐了,随便谈了几句(子夜)The three men sat down facing each other and began casually chatting.(许孟雄、A.C.Barnes 译)3.异化(alienation)异化法要求译者
21、向作者靠拢,采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式,来传达原文的内容。保留的原文的文化意象,目的是使译文保持原文的语言风格,向译文读者介绍源语文化,并丰富译入语及文化。.8 异化是以源语文化(source language culture oriented)为归宿,提倡译文应尽量去适应、遵从源语文化及原作者的遣词用句习惯,保留源语的异国情调。e.g.All roads lead to Rome.条条大道通罗马。归化翻译(domesticating translation)与异化翻译(foreignizing translation)是美国学者劳伦斯韦努蒂在 1995 年所著的译者的隐身(Transl
22、ators Invisibility)一书中首次提出的。1异化可以在语音层上出现。例如:ballet 译作“芭蕾舞”cigar 译作“雪茄”laser 过去译成“莱塞”,现译作“镭射”、“激光”2异化可以在词语层出现。例如:“crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”“an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝”“sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄”“the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。3异化可以在句子结构层次出现。4.归化(domestication)归化,就是不考虑原文的内容和形式,而用读者熟悉的语言和形式来翻译,尽可能地达到原文的意义和功能。归化策略(domestic
23、ating method)归化是采用民族中心主义态度,是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观,把原作者带入译语文化。译者在翻译的时候,.9 心中既要想着原作及原作作者,尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来;同时,译者还要想着译文的读者,翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者,便于读者理解和接受。a lion in the way 拦路虎 lick ones boots 拍马屁 Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手 A flash in a pan 昙花一现 Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年 To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋 One b
24、oy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys nobody 一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。例:Love me,love my dog.爱屋及乌。a lion in the way 拦路虎 as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠 seek a hare in a hens nest 缘木求鱼 as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪 cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头、卖狗肉 to grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋 talk horse 吹牛 drink like a fis
25、h 牛饮 One boy is a boy,two boys half a boy,three boys noboy 一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。.1 0 4.归化(domestication)归化以目的语文化为归宿(target language culture oriented)。主张恪守目的语文化的语言传统,使用地道的目的语表达,遵从目的语的文化习惯。归化翻译有着积极的意义,它使得译文读起来通俗易懂,不存在艰涩拗口的现象。在这一原则的指导下,译者会最大限度地力求功能对等(equivalence),在目的语中找出源语的对等语(equivalent)。如果在目的语中找不到
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