克鲁格曼-国际经济学第十版-课件C01.ppt
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1、 Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-1 Chapter 1Introduction Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-2 Preview What is international economics about? International trade topics Gains from trade, explaining patterns of trade, effects of government policies on trade Int
2、ernational finance topics Balance of payments, exchange rate determination, international policy coordination and capital markets International trade versus finance Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-3 What Is International Economics About? International economics is about how nat
3、ions interact through: trade of goods and services, flows of money, and investment. International economics is an old subject, but continues to grow in importance as countries become tied more to the international economy. Nations are now more closely linked than ever before. Pearson Education Limit
4、ed 2015. All rights reserved.1-4 What Is International Economics About? (cont.) U.S. exports and imports as shares of gross domestic product have been on a long-term upward trend. International trade has roughly tripled in importance compared to the economy as a whole in the past 50 years. Both impo
5、rts and exports fell in 2009 due to the recession. Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-5 Fig. 1-1: Exports and Imports as a Percentage of U.S. National Income Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-6 What Is International Economics About? (cont.) Compared to the Unit
6、ed States, other countries are even more tied to international trade. Their imports and exports as a share of GDP are substantially higher. The United States, due to its size and diversity of resources, relies less on international trade than almost any other country. Pearson Education Limited 2015.
7、 All rights reserved.1-7 Fig. 1-2: Average of Exports and Imports as Percentage of National Income in 2011 Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-8 Gains from TradeThat there are gains from trade is probably the most important insight in international economics.Countries selling goods
8、 and services to each other almost always generates mutual benefits.1. When a buyer and a seller engage in a voluntary transaction, both can be made better off.Norwegian consumers import oranges that they would have a hard time producing. Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-9 Gains
9、 from Trade (cont.)2. How could a country that is the most (least) efficient producer of everything gain from trade?Countries use finite resources to produce what they are most productive at (compared to their other production choices), then trade those products for goods and services that they want
10、 to consume.Countries can specialize in production, while consuming many goods and services through trade. Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-10 Gains from Trade (cont.)3. Trade benefits countries by allowing them to export goods made with relatively abundant resources and imports
11、 goods made with relatively scarce resources.4. When countries specialize, they may be more efficient due to larger-scale production.5. Countries may also gain by trading current resources for future resources (international borrowing and lending) and due to international migration. Pearson Educatio
12、n Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-11 Gains from Trade (cont.) Trade is predicted to benefit countries as a whole in several ways, but trade may harm particular groups within a country. International trade can harm the owners of resources that are used relatively intensively in industries that co
13、mpete with imports. Trade may therefore affect the distribution of income within a country. Pearson Education Limited 2015. All rights reserved.1-12 Patterns of Trade The pattern of trade describes who sells what to whom. Differences in climate and resources explain why Brazil exports coffee and Sau
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