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1、American LiteratureAmerican LiteratureAmerican LiteratureTeaching Materials:A Survey of American Literature，美国文学简史（其次版），常耀信，美国文学简史（其次版），常耀信，南开高校出版社。南开高校出版社。Further Reading:李宜燮，常耀信，李宜燮，常耀信，Selected Readings in American Literature美国文学选读（上册）。美国文学选读（上册）。李宜燮，常耀信，李宜燮，常耀信，Selected Readings in American Lite

2、rature美国文学选读（下册）。美国文学选读（下册）。A Guide to a Survey of American Literature,（其次版）（其次版）学习指南，赵红英，中国传媒高校出版社。学习指南，赵红英，中国传媒高校出版社。牛津文学术语词典，上海外语教化出版社。牛津文学术语词典，上海外语教化出版社。漫话英美文学漫话英美文学.常耀信常耀信.天津：南开高校出天津：南开高校出 版社，版社，2004.Introduction1.What is literature?Writingsthatarevaluedasworksofart,esp.fiction,dramaandpoetry.v

3、Languageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.vLiteratureischaracterizedbybeautyofexpressionandformandbyuniversalityofintellectualandemotionalappeal.2.Forms(genres)of literature?Poetry,novel(fiction),drama,prose,essay,epic,elegy,shortstory,journalism,ser

4、mon,(auto)biography,travelaccounts,novelette,etc.ItcontainsItcontainsfictionfiction&non-fictionnon-fiction.Fiction:(4genres)PoetrynoveldramashortstoryvNon-fiction:Essay(4categories)descriptionnarrationexpositionargumentation美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义(non-monopolycapitalism)同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化(feudalaristoc

5、raticculture)的束缚。美国早期人口稀有，有大片未开发的土地，为个人志向的实现供应了很大的可能性。美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、特性解放的观念较为猛烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这确定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性(multi-cultural)。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、溶化各民族文学特点的过程。很多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色调都比较深厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。内容庞杂与色调显明是美国文学的另一特点。Periodization一、Colonialism殖民时期（about160717

6、65）二、EnlightenmentandtheRevolutionaryWar启蒙时期和独立革命（176518世纪末）三、Romanticism浪漫主义时期（18651918）四、Realism现实主义时期（18651918）五、Modernism现代主义时期（19181945）六、ContemporaryLiterature当代文学（1945）v殖民地时期v独立革命至南北斗争时期v南北斗争到第一次世界大战v两次世界大战之间v其次次世界大战后ColonialismvIndian CulturevPro-immigration culture（CottonMather、JonathanEdwa

7、rds）vPoetry creation（迈克尔威格尔斯沃思、安妮布拉兹特里特、爱德华泰勒）TheRevolutionWarandTheCivilWarvThe forming of national literature托马斯杰弗逊本杰明富兰克林菲利普弗瑞诺vEarly Romanticism欧文库珀布莱恩特vTranscendentalism and Post-Romanticism爱默生梭罗霍桑梅尔维尔朗费罗洛威尔霍姆斯vThe literature of Abolition Movement（斯托夫人）vPoetry（民主诗人惠特曼）美国民族文学形成时期南北斗争到第一次世界大战v现实主

8、义文学现实主义文学豪威尔斯豪威尔斯乡土文学与马克乡土文学与马克吐温吐温心理分析小说家亨利心理分析小说家亨利詹姆斯詹姆斯v黑人文学黑人文学道格拉斯道格拉斯邓巴切斯纳特两次世界大战之间v现代派文学的兴起现代派文学的兴起诗歌(艾米莉迪金森；庞德；H.D.希尔达杜利特尔；艾洛威尔；威卡威廉斯；桑德堡；沃斯蒂文斯；艾李马斯特斯；玛莫尔)戏剧（奥尼尔）小说（格斯泰因；舍安德森）迷惘的一代（海明威；菲茨杰拉尔德）两次世界大战之间v现实主义文学的发展现实主义文学的发展 v小说（德莱塞小说（德莱塞；辛；辛刘易斯刘易斯；薇拉；薇拉凯瑟凯瑟）v“哈莱姆文艺复兴哈莱姆文艺复兴”（休斯；卡伦；理查德（休斯；卡伦；理查德

9、赖特赖特）v左翼文学与反法西斯文学左翼文学与反法西斯文学（约翰（约翰里德里德；多；多斯斯帕索斯帕索斯；斯坦贝克；斯坦贝克；海明威；海尔曼；海明威；海尔曼）v“南方文艺复兴南方文艺复兴”（威廉（威廉福克纳福克纳）v戏剧的戏剧的“黄金时代黄金时代”（奥尼尔（奥尼尔）v“新指责新指责”（留意对文学作品本身进行精密分（留意对文学作品本身进行精密分析，在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处，他们析，在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处，他们摆脱了过去仅仅介绍背景学问与发挥个人印象摆脱了过去仅仅介绍背景学问与发挥个人印象的指责方式。但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学的指责方式。但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学作品的社会意义，割断

10、作品与历史、社会背景作品的社会意义，割断作品与历史、社会背景的关系）的关系）其次次世界大战后v斗争文学斗争文学（梅勒（梅勒；詹姆斯；詹姆斯琼斯琼斯）v“垮掉的一代垮掉的一代”v“黑色幽默黑色幽默”（海勒（海勒；冯内古特；阿尔比；冯内古特；阿尔比-荒诞派戏剧）荒诞派戏剧）v“非虚构小说非虚构小说”（卡波特的凶杀（卡波特的凶杀(1966)与梅勒的刽子手之歌与梅勒的刽子手之歌）v 犹太人文学犹太人文学（贝洛（贝洛；辛格；辛格；马拉默德；罗斯；马拉默德；罗斯）v黑人文学（拉尔夫黑人文学（拉尔夫艾列森艾列森；鲍德温；鲍德温；关德琳；关德琳布鲁克斯布鲁克斯；洛伦；洛伦亨斯伯利亨斯伯利；勒鲁伊；勒鲁伊琼斯琼

11、斯）v南方作家南方作家（福克纳；波特；威尔蒂；斯泰伦；奥康诺；麦柯勒斯；（福克纳；波特；威尔蒂；斯泰伦；奥康诺；麦柯勒斯；威廉斯威廉斯）v纽约作家纽约作家（利（利特里林；玛特里林；玛麦卡锡；约翰麦卡锡；约翰契弗；厄普代克）契弗；厄普代克）v特性化的诗歌特性化的诗歌（“垮掉派垮掉派”、“黑山派黑山派”、“纽约派纽约派”、“具体派具体派”、“自白派自白派”和和“新超现实主义派新超现实主义派”）v理论与指责理论与指责 依据体裁分类v一、自传v二、诗歌v三、戏剧v四、小说按流派分类重农派（Agrarians)（20年头）迷惘的一代(TheLostGeneration)(20年头）黑山派诗歌(Black

12、MountainPoems)（50年头）垮掉的一代(TheBeatGeneration)（50年头）黑色幽默(BlackHumor)（60年头）Table of ContentsTable of ContentsIntroduction Brief Outline of American LiteratureChapter I Colonial PeriodChapter II Revolutionary PeriodBenjamin FranklinPhilip FreneauChapter III American RomanticismWashington IrvingJames Fen

13、imore CooperWilliam Cullen BryantEdgar Allan PoeNathaniel HawthorneBrief Outline of American literatureBrief Outline of American literature1.Colonialperiod(1607-1775)AnneBradstreetEdwardTaylor2.Revolutionaryperiod(1775-1783)BenjaminFranklinPhilipFreneau3.DemocraticPeriod(1783-1802)4.Romanticism(1820

14、-1861)WashingtonIrvingEdgarAllanPoeNathanielHowthorneWilliamWhitman*Transcendentalism*(NewEnglandRenaissance)RalphWaldoEmersonFillipThoreau5.Realism(1861-1914)Mark TwainHenry JamesNaturalism:Stephen CraneTheodore Dreiser6.The 1920sT.S.EliotWilliam FaulknerErnest Hemingway(Lost Generation)Imagism:Ezr

15、a PoundBrief Outline of American literatureBrief Outline of American literature7.The1930sSteinbeckHarlemRenaissance(BlackAmericanliterature)HughesWrightEllison8.AmericanDramaEugeneONeillArthurMillerTennesseeWilliams9.The Post-war SceneSaul BellowSalingerPoetry:Confessional PoetryBlack Mountain Poets

16、San Francisco RenaissanceThe Beat GenerationThe New York PoetsColonial Period(1607-1775)Chapter OneContentsvHistoricalbackgroundvThedefinitionofliterarytermsvTheLiterarySceneHistoricalbackgroundvThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericaatJamestown,Virginiain1607.vIn1630thepuritansestablishedt

17、heMassachusettsBayColony.vIndependentWar(1776-1783);thefoundationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublictheUnitedStatesofAmerica.The early settlersvChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinentin1492.vCaptainJohnSmithreachedJamestown,Virginiain1607.vPuritanscametheNewEnglandarea,byMayflowerin16

18、20.vThefirstsettlementwasestablishedinPlymouthin1620.vMassachusettsBayColonywasestablishedin1630.Puritanism in America Why did Puritans come to America?-toescapereligiouspersecution-toreformtheChurchofEngland-tohaveanentirelynewchurch*Godschosenpeople*ToseekanewGardenofEden*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”

19、TheDefinitionofLiteraryTermsvColonialAmericavAmericanPuritanismvAmericanDreamvGreatAwakeningColonialAmericavColumbusfoundthenewworldinavoyageof1492.vTheearly1600switnessedthebeginningofagreattideofemigrationfromEuropetoNorthAmerica.vInNovember9,1620,theMayflowershiplandsatCapeCod,Massachusetts,with1

20、01colonists:theestablishmentofthefirstAmericancolonyandthebeginningofthestrenuoussettlementinthenewworld.vTheNativeAmericanspossessedatragichistoryofsubjugationandbloodshedbythosestrangersfromabroad.AmericanPuritanismvPuritanismwasareligiousreformmovementthatarosewithintheChurchofEnglandinthelate16t

21、hcentury.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown,itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesoftheseventeenthcenturytothenorthernEnglishcoloniesintheNewWorldamigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectualandsocialorderofNewEngland.PuritanismvPuritanismisahighlystrictreligiousdoctrine.ThePuritanswered

22、eterminedtofindaplaceonthenewcontinentwheretheycouldworshipGodinthewaytheythoughttrueChristiansshould.vPuritanismalsohasitspracticalaspect.ThePuritanshadtoworkhardinordertomakealivingandbereadyforanymisfortunesandtragicfailuresthatmightlieinwaitforthem.Puritanism:American PuritanslPuritanswasthename

23、giveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants（新教徒）withintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformation（英国宗教改革）hadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch.lTheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicinfluence.lInthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigrate

24、dtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.Puritanism:American PuritansvPuritanswanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.vPuritanswishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.vPuritanslookuponthemselvesasachosenpeople,anditfollowlogicall

25、ythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGodswillandisnottobeaccepted.vPuritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.vReligiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.Puritanism:American PuritansvPuritansfollowtheideasofJohnCalvin.PuritanismwasinfluencedheavilybyCal

26、vinism.vCalvinismreferstoacomprehensivetheologicalsystem,chieflydistinguishedbyitsviewofGodandHisrelationshiptoman.ThenameofthesystemisderivedbyJohnCalvinssurname.Thereare5majorpointsofCalvinism.Theyareberememberedbytheacronym:TULIP.TULIPvTotalhereditary/depravity(originalsin,mansnaturalinabilitytoe

27、xercisefreewill,sincethroughAdamsFall,hehassufferedhereditarycorruption.)vUnconditionalelection.(predestination,whichmanifestsitselfthroughGodswisdomtoelectthosetobesaved,despitetheirinabilitytoperformsavingwork.)vLimitedatonement.(particularredemption,manshereditarycorruptionbeingpartiallyatonedbyC

28、hrist,andthisatonementbeingprovidedtheelectthroughtheHolySpirit,givingthemthepowertoattempttoobeyGodswillasrevealedthroughBible)vIrresistiblegrace.(effectualcalling,anticipatorygracemadeavailableonlytotheelect.)vPerseveranceoftheSaints(oncesaved,alwayssaved)FeaturesofPuritanism1)Predestination:Godde

29、cidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.2)Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.3)Totaldepravity:HumanitysuttercorruptionsincetheFall.4)Limitedatonement:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.InfluenceofPuritanismInfluence-AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemost

30、enduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.InfluenceofPuritanism1）Agroupofgoodqualitieshardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(seriousandthoughtful)influencedAmericanlit

31、erature.2)Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.AllliteratureisbasedonamythgardenofEden.Americanliterature,inasense,wasaliteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismofthePuritanrequest.Namely,Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,thatis,themythofGardenofEden.(optimism/AmericanDream)3)Symbolism:ThePuritansmetaphoricalmodeofpe

32、rceptionbroughtAmericanliterarysymbolismintobeing,aliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.4)Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.ThePuritanstyleofwritingwascharacterizedbysimpli

33、city.(Theuseofmetaphorswasonlytoexplainthewritersopinionsratherthantodecorate.)Puritanism:Puritan values/CreedslhardworklthriftlpietylsobrietylPuritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.Theyareoptimistic.AmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanyintheUni

34、tedStatesofAmericanthatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallythroughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealthasameasureofsuccessa

35、nd/orhappiness.GreatAwakeningGreatAwakeningisaseriesofreligiousrevivalthatsweptovertheAmericancoloniesaboutthemiddleofthe18thcentury.Itresultedindoctrinalchangeandinfluencedsocialandpoliticalthought.InNewEnglanditwasstartedin1734bytherousingpreachingofJonathanEdwards.Types of writing:histories,trave

36、l accounts,diaries,biographies,letters,autobiographies,sermons,and poems.Major writers:vJohn Smiththe first American writervAnne Bradstreetthe first important poet in the American colonies.Her work The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America(1650)is considered as the first book of original poetry wri

37、tten in colonial America.vEdward Taylorfinest poet of the colonial period.AuthorsandTheirWorksvPuritanism:WilliamBradford,AnneBradstreet,EdwardTaylor,JonathanEdwards.vAntiPuritanism:RogerWilliams,JohnWoolman,ThomasPaine,PhilipFreneauMajor Writers Captain John Smith（约翰（约翰史密斯）史密斯）u the first American

38、writeru A Description of New England新英格兰叙事(1616)u General History of Virginia弗吉尼亚通史（1642）vPocahontasWilliamBradford(1590-1657)vOneofthegreatestofcolonialAmerican,whollyconsecratedtoamissioninwhichheregardedhimselfasaninstrumentofGod.vAttheageof18,heaccompaniedthegrouptoHollandtoescapepersecution.v13

39、yearslaterhewasoneofthosewho,onDecember11,tookontheMayflowerandenteredPlymouthBay.vFrom1622untilhisdeath,Bradfordwasreelectedthirtytimedasgovernor.vMasterpiece:Of Plymouth Plantation Of Plymouth PlantationvAstoryoftheseearlyAmericanandtheirlonggeographicalandspiritualpilgrimage.vThroughthestory,wesh

40、arethestruggle,thefears,andthevictoriesovertheelements.vBradfordseesthesignseverywhereandalwayskeepssightofsignsofGodsjudgmentandprovidence.vBradfordwritesinthePuritanPlainstyle,seldomusinganymetaphorordecorativelanguage.Three major poets in colonial period:Three major poets in colonial period:1.Ann

41、eBradstreet2.MichaelWigglesworth3.EdwardTaylor Anne Bradstreet(安妮安妮布布拉德斯特里特拉德斯特里特)(1612-1672)the first American woman poet a Puritan poet,once called“Tenth Muse”most famous poems“Contemplations”深思深思录录 Anne Bradstreet(1612-1672)Anne Bradstreet(1612-1672)the first noted poetess in colonial periodthe f

42、irst noted poetess in colonial period1.Anne Bradstreets Works“Some verses on the Burning of Our House”“The Spirit and the Flesh”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America2.Anne Bradstreets Life*She was born and educated in England.*At the age of 18,she came to America in 1630 with her father and hus

43、band.*She had 8 children.*She became known as the“Tenth Muse”who appeared in America.the first collection the first collection published by published by English colonists English colonists living in Americaliving in AmericaThe Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in AmericavPublishedinEnglandin1650asherfirst

44、book.vBradstreetsfinestpoemsarethoseclosesttoherpersonalexperienceasaPuritanwifeandmotherlivingintheedgeofthewildness.vShefoundsimilaritiesbetweenthedomesticdetailsofdailylifeandthespiritualdetailsofherreligiouslife.vInconclusion,AnneBradstreetwasnotaninnovativepoet,butherdirectnessandhersincerityar

45、emoving.2.Michael Wigglesworth(1631-1705)2.Michael Wigglesworth(1631-1705)the most popular poet in American Colonial Periodthe most popular poet in American Colonial PeriodWork:“TheDayofDoom”(1662)3.Edward Taylor(1642?-1729)3.Edward Taylor(1642?-1729)the finest poet in colonial period/the finest poe

46、t in colonial period/The greatest poet in American Colonial PeriodThe greatest poet in American Colonial PeriodWork:Preparatory MeditationFeatures of Colonial PoetsFeatures of Colonial Poets1.TheywereservantsofGod.2.TheyfaithfullyimitatedandtransplantedEnglishliterarytraditions.In English stylePurit

47、an poetsMain Features of Colonial LiteraturevAmericanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.vIncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.vInform,iftherewasanyformatall,Englishliterarytra

48、ditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.vThePuritanismformedinthisperiodwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.Chapter TwoRevolutionary Period (1775-1783)The Literature of Reason and Revolution(1700-1800)“The Age of Reason”“American Enlightenment”Literatu

49、re of Reason and Revolution(1700-1800)I.Background-TheEnlightenmentMovement-TheWarofIndependence(1775-1783)II.Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin FranklinA.JonathanEdwards“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”B.BenjaminFranklinsThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin(pp.21-28)III.Features of LiteratureLiterature

50、of Reason and Revolution(1700-1800)I.Background The Enlightenment MovementA.IntroductionB.Three Enlightenment thinkers1.JohnLocke(1642-1704)2.ThomasHobbes(1588-1679)3.JeanJacquesRousseau(1712-1778)C.The two basic patterns of thoughtdominatingthe18thcenturyAmericanthinking1.Deism2.Calvinistbeliefsand