动词不定式讲解.pdf

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1、 1 二、动词不定式讲解（必修三）不定式简介：不定式的全称是“动词不定式”，是一种非限定动词，结构：to+动词原形构成。不定式具有动词的特征，也有名词、形容词和副词的特征，但它还是属于动词，所以它本身可以带宾语和状语。动词不定式在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分即：主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语，还可用在复合结构中，而且有完成式、进行式、完成进行式和否定形式。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。不定式的定义 动词不定式的概念：在语法中，动词不定式是动词的一种不带词形变化，不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。它被叫做不定式，是因为动词不被限定，就是说动词的形式不根据时态和主语的变化而变化

2、。动词不定式的构成与形式：动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性。动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语，其形式如下：时态 主动形式/被动形式 意义：例句 一般式（not）to do（not）to be done 1)现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后（将来时）。1.I hope to see you again.=I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你

3、。2.He seems to know this.完成式（not）to have done （not）to have been done 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。He seems to have caught a cold.他似乎感冒了 进行式（not）to be doing 无被动语态 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.他似乎吃一些 He is thought to be

4、hiding in the woods.人们认为他躲在林子里 完成进行式（not）to have been doing 表示的动作发生在She is known to have been 2 无被动语态 谓语动词表示的动作之前 wreaking on the problem for many years.一、作宾语：能以不定式作宾语的动词有很多，具体分为一下情况：1)动词+不定式：The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧

5、知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式 ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,help intend like,love,need prefer,prepare,promise,want,wish I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你能使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。3）动词+疑问词+to decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,unde

6、rstand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。二、作补语 1)动词+宾语+不定式(to

7、 do)advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust unders

8、tand urge warn 例句：a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法：Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带 to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有 get，have。I found him lying on the ground.3 I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is i

9、mportant.典型例题:The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying 答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2)to+be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feel find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose

10、,take(以为),understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having invented 答案：A.由 consider to dosth.排除 B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而 C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不

11、用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选 C。3)to be+形容词 Seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4)there be+不定式 believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand We didnt expec

12、t there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。有些动词需用 as 短语做补语，如 regard,think believe,take,consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。三、作主语：一般用于形式主语中，动词不定时做真正的主语。一下词可用于形式主语：easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessa

13、ry,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough 1）Its easy(for me)to do that.我做这事太容易了 2）Its so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。3）Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。4 2)Its very kind of him to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。Kind,nice,stupi

14、d,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：1)其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型。2)不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It is to的句型

15、 (对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.四、作表语 不定式可放在系动词（例如 be 动词）后面，形成表语。例如：My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.五、作定语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.My chief purpose is to point out the difficul

16、ties ofthe matter.What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.注：当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是 aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以 what引导的名词性分句（例），不定 式说明主语的内容。Our work is serving the people.What he likes is taking a walk after supper.The story told by Mr.Wang i

17、s interesting.句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如 Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。六、作状语 1）不定式做目的状语，常译为“为了”，不定式一般放在被修饰词之后，但为了强调目的也可以放在句首，为为了加强语气，不定式前还可以加上 in order，so as。5 To only to(仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)as to(如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch th

18、e first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因 Im glad to see you.典型例题 The chair looks rather hard,but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A.sit B.sit on C.be sea

19、t D.be sat on 答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于形容词+动词不定式 结构的末尾。七、省 to 的动词不定式 1）情态动词(除 ought 外，ought to)：2）使役动词 let,have,make：3）感官动词 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补，省略 to。注意：在被动语态中则 to 不能省掉。I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the

20、whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4）would rather，had better：5）Why/why not：6）help 可带 to，也可不带 to,help sb(to)do sth：7）but和 except：but前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。8）由 and,or和 than连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去：9）通常在 discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等词后，可以省去 to be：He is supposed(to be)n

21、ice.他应该是个好人。10）but作介词，后接不定式结构时，前面谓语动词部分若含有 do 的形式时，but后的不定式要省去 to，否则要带 to。He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.11）当两个或多个不定时短语由连词 and，but或 or 连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号 to 常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时，则不能省略。He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6 The purpose of new

22、 technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.12）不定式做表语时，一般要带 to，但若主语部分中含有 do 的各种形式时，符号 to 可省去。Weve missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home.举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.比较：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wan

23、ts to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例题 1)I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 答案：D.why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式，因此选 D。2）Paul doesnt have to be made _.He always works hard.A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning 答案

24、：B.make后接不带 to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。八、动词不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走过的时候，她假装没看见。典型例题 1）Tell him _ the window.A.to shut not B.not to shut C.to not shut D.not shut 答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为 tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended _ me when

25、 I passed by.A.not to see B.not seeing C.to not see D.having not seen 答案：A。pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为 pretend not to do sth.。3）Mrs.Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A.never to drive B.to never driver C.never driving D.never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.

26、4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _.A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to 答案：A。not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用 to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词 do 后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此 B，D 不对。7 5)The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A.to eat no B.eating not C.no

27、t to eat D.not eating 答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为 be warned not to do。九、不定式的特殊句型 tooto 1）tooto 太以至于 He is too excited to speak.他太激动了，说不出话来。-Can I help you?需要我帮忙吗?-Well,Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it,but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2)如在 too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯

28、定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为 不太。Its never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。（亡羊补牢，为时不晚）3)当 too 前面有 only,all,but时，意思是：非常 等于 very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。十、不定式的特殊句型 1、不定式的特殊句型 so as to 1）表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the acciden

29、t so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to-劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?劳驾，现在几点了。2、Why not+动词原形 表达向某人提出建议 为什么不?干吗不?例如：Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度假?3、Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1）for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如

30、easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：Its very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。8 2）of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如 good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。Its very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for 与 of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用 of，不通则用 for。如：You a

31、re nice.(通顺，所以应用 of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用 for。)4、不定式的特殊句型 tooto 1）tooto 太以至于 He is too excited to speak.他太激动了，说不出话来。-Can I help you?需要我帮忙吗?-Well,Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it,but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2)如在 too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为 不太

32、。Its never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。（亡羊补牢，为时不晚）3)当 too 前面有 only,all,but时，意思是：非常 等于 very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。注意区别用作介词的 to to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形；一为介词+名词/动名词,to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即 to+名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，

33、be used to 习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to 开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于，look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意 动名词与不定式的特殊用法 1）动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。3）动名词与不定式语义不同的有 11 组：1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 reme

34、mber to do remember doing 9 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/start to do begin/start doing 1 forget doing/to do forget to do 忘记要去做某事。

35、(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)典型例题 -The light in the office is still on.-Oh，I forgot_.A.turning it off B.turn it o

36、ff C.to turn it off D.having turned it off 答案：C。由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用 forget to do sth.而 forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。2 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题 She rea

37、ched the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以 stop doing sth.不正确。3 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事(已做)10 Reme

38、mber to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4 regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而

39、后悔。典型例题 -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well,now I regret _ that.A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选 D。5 cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着

40、做。That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停止了聊天。6 try doing/to do try to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。7 go on doing/

41、to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习 8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为 怕；11 be afraid of doing 担心

42、出现 doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为 生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。.9 be interested doing/to do interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。i

43、nterested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?(一种想法)10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着 I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.我

44、想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。11 begin(start)doing/to do begin/start to do sth begin/start doing sth.1)谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用 doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴？2)begin,start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式 to do I was beginning to get a

45、ngry。我开始生起气来。3)在 attempt,intend,begin,start 后接 know,understand,realize这类动词时，常用不定式 to do。I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。4)物作主语时 It began to melt.12 感官动词+doing/to do 感官动词 see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,12 feel+do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in

46、the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调 我看见了 这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调 我见他正干活 这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题 1）They knew her very well.They had seen her _ up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow 答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用 see sb do sth 的句型。2）The missing boy was last seen _ near the river.A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play 答案 A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用 see sb.doing sth句型。