翻译硕士MTI《211翻译硕士英语》词汇语法考研复习笔记.pdf

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1、 翻译硕士 MTI211 翻译硕士英语词汇语法考研复习笔记 第 1 章 词汇语法技巧指南 1.1 大纲要求和试题类型 全国翻译硕士专业学位教育指导委员会根据全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生指导性培养方案以及培养高层次、应用型、专业性口笔译人才的教育目标，制定了全日制翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试大纲，其中，翻译硕士英语考试大纲对词汇语法部分的具体要求如下：1考核要求 1）词汇量要求 考生的认知词汇量应在 10,000 以上，其中积极词汇量为 5,000 以上，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。2）语法要求 考生能正确运用外语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。在了解该部分的大纲要求时，有两点内

2、容需要注意：一是词汇量要求。翻译硕士英语大纲要求考生的认知词汇量应在 10,000 以上，其中积极词汇量为 5,000 以上，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。而高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲对英语专业第四学年的教学要求为通过课堂教学和其他途径认知词汇达 10,000-12,000 个；且能正确而熟练地使用其中的5,000-6,000 个及其最常用的搭配；英语专业八级考试要求词汇量在 13,000 左右，由此可见，对于英语专业考生翻译硕士英语的词汇量要求并不高，为高等学校英语专业本科生经过大学阶段的英语学习与实践应当达到的最低标准。而根据大 学英语课程教学要求，大学阶段非英语专业的英语教

3、学要求分为三个层次，即一般要求、较高要求和更高要求。更高要求推荐词汇量为约 7675 个单词，约 2360个积极词汇，而大学英语六级词汇范围不超出大学英语课程教学要求中较高要求的词汇，即 6395 个单词，2200 个积极词汇。所以，如果是非英语专业考生报考翻译硕士，则词汇量要求相对较高，复习的力度应相应加大。二是语法要求。翻译硕士英语大纲要求考生能正确运用外语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。大纲没有指出具体内容，为了使考生能够更加明确复习范围，我们可以把高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲对语法要求的具体规定作为参考：能识别词类；区分名词的可数性和不可数性、可数名词的单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词的

4、形式与用法、基数词和序数词、常用介词和连词、形容词和副词的句法功能、比较级和最高级的构成及基本句型、冠词的一般用法；了解动词的主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词的基本用法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构词法；掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语的用法、动词不定式和分词的用法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法；熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句、倒装句和各种条件句；较好地掌握句子之间和段落之间的衔接手段如照应、省略、替代等；熟练地使用各种衔接手段，连贯地表达思想。而对于修辞，高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲中并未列出具体需要掌握的修辞手法，下面我们归纳总结了大

5、学英语精读教材中经常出现的一些修辞手法，这些手法主要有 simile（明喻）、metaphor（隐喻）、allusion（引喻）、metonymy（换喻/转喻）、synecdoche（提喻）、personification（拟人）、onomatopoeia（拟声）、parody（仿拟）、hyperbole（夸张）、irony（反语）、rhetorical question （反问）、repetition（反复）、symbolism（象征）、pun（双关）、sarcasm（讽刺）、ridicule（嘲弄）、euphemism（委婉语）、anti-climax（渐降）、understatement

6、（低调陈述）、parallelism（平行/排比）、antonomasia（换称）、antithesis（对照）、transferred epithet/hypallage（移就）、zeugma（轭式搭配）、alliteration（头韵）、assonance（类韵）、oxymoron（矛盾修辞法）、syllepsis（一语双叙）等。2试题类型 多项选择或改错题。通过对各大院校翻译硕士英语考研真题分析可知，词汇语法部分出题形式主要为 30 个多项选择题，每题 1 分。词汇题和语法题所占比例不固定，有的院校侧重词汇考察（如对外经济贸易大学），有的院校侧重语法考察（如南开大学）。词汇语法题每题的分

7、值最大为 1.5 分（如四川大学），最小为 0.5 分（如厦门大学）。少数院校还会涉及改错（如厦门大学）、修辞（如中南大学）等出题形式。1.2 词汇语法考点归纳 通过对各高校“翻译硕士英语”词汇语法部分分析研究，我们对词汇语法的常考点进行归纳。一、语法“翻译硕士英语”常考语法点有：虚拟语气、非谓语动词、动词时态语态、定语从句、情态动词、比较句型、倒装句、强调句型、状语从句。（一）虚拟语气的用法 A.条件从句类（1）if 引导的从句类 （2）混合虚拟条件类 混合时态的虚拟指的是主句和从句分别表示两个时态，动词形式依照上述三种形式进行相应的变化。如：If you had done your hom

8、ework,you would not be criticized by your teacher now.（3）含蓄虚拟条件类 含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过 if 从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：连词 but,but that,or,or else；副词 otherwise,unfortunately 等表示转折假设。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger.Unfortunately,it was never done.介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,b

9、ut for,under more favorable conditions 等。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.intended/meant/hoped/wished 或 was/were+不定式完成式或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you,but I was busy at that time.情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I

10、 should have called to make an airline reservation,but I didnt.B.从句中的(should)do 句型类(1)动词 suggest，propose，ask，command，demand，require，urge，order，recommend，insist,prefer 等后加 that 引导的宾语从句中使用 should do 句型。(suggest，recommend 和 insist 分别当“表明”、“推荐”和“坚持认为”讲时不用虚拟语气。)如：In the past men generally preferred that

11、their wives work in the home.(2)由上述动词派生来的名词后加 that 引导的同位语从句或表语从句中用 should do 句型。如：It is urgent that these files should be printed right away.(3)当上述动词的过去分词及下列形容词 strange，important，necessary，essential，urgent，natural，unusual，advisable，desirable，vital 等用于句型It isthat 中时，that 引导的从句中用 should do 句型。如：They k

12、eep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.C.固定句型类 以下所列单词或短语后所引出的从句，如果是现在的情况，要用一般过去时；如果是过去的情况，要用过去完成时。(1)It is about/high time(that)“是时间了”如：It is high time that we handed in the homework.现在是我们该交作业的时候了。(2)would rather“宁愿”如：Mary would rather

13、 she had not broken the window.玛丽真希望她自己没有打破这个窗户。(3)wish“希望”如：We wish that he could be with us tomorrow.但愿他明天和我们在一起。(对将来的虚拟)I wish they were at home this time.（对现在的虚拟）I wish I hadnt hurt him so much.（对过去的虚拟）(4)If only“要是就好了”例如：If only I were twenty years old.我要是二十岁就好了。(5)as if/though“仿佛，好像”如：They wer

14、e sitting there as if nothing had happened.他们只是坐在那里就像什么事都没发生过。例：_ before we leave the day after tomorrow,we should have a wonderful time together.A.Had they arrived B.Would they arrive C.Were they arriving D.Were they to arrive【答案】D 查看答案【解析】省略 if 的条件的虚拟语气。此句为 if 引导的虚拟语气从句，省略if 时从句要倒装。当表示对未来事情的虚拟时，从句

15、用 should/were to+动词原形，主句用 would/should+动词原形。（二）非谓语动词的用法 非谓语动词的各种用法是考博英语考试中对语法项目要求中非常重要的一项，它包括三种形式：不定式(infinitive)，动名词和分词。非谓语动词之所以得名，是因为它不能独立作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，但仍然具有动词的某些特征，在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语、状语及补语等。1不定式 不定式在句中可担任除谓语以外的所有成分，即主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语。1)作主语 如果作主语的不定式较长而谓语较短时，常用 it 作形式主语。To finish the work within th

16、ree days is impossible.It is impossible to finish the work within three days.2)作宾语和宾补 We have decided to leave next week.She called me to go back home at once.有些动词只能以不定式作宾语，主要有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,dare,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,need

17、,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seek,tend,volunteer,want,wish 等。I cannot afford to buy such an expensive car.不定式作宾语其后又接宾补时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而将不定式放到宾补后面。I found it impossible to get everything ready in time.不带 to 的不定式：在 let,make,have,see,hear,listen to,look at,feel,observe,watch,notice 等动词后，作宾补

18、的不定式不带 to。但是，在被动语态中，不定式要带 to(此时不定式作主补)。He made his son read the text loudly.His son was made to read the text loudly.2动名词 动名词主要起名词作用，可在句中作主语、宾语和表语，也可作介词宾语。1)作主语 在“It is no use(good)doing.”句型中，常用 it 作形式主语，而将作主语用的动名词短语放在后面。如：It is no good leaving todays work for tomorrow.2)作宾语 有些动词只能以动名词作宾语，常见的有：admit

19、,avoid,consider,deny,enjoy,endure,fancy,finish,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practice,require,risk,stop,suggest 等。如：The hostess would certainly enjoy receiving the item as a gift.有些动词短语也要求动名词作宾语，常见的有：cant help,feel like,give up,keep on,object to,put off 等。如：I couldnt help wondering what t

20、his was all about.3)动名词的逻辑主语 动名词的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，应有自己的逻辑主语，其形式是：人称代词或名词的所有格+动名词。如：He was annoyed at my interrupting him.4)动名词的完成形式和被动形式 动名词的完成形式：having+过去分词，表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：He regretted not having taken the doctors advice.动名词的被动形式：being+过去分词，表示动名词的动作与其逻辑主语的关系是被动的。如：They were afrai

21、d of being rejected because of their condition.5)动名词与不定式作宾语的区别 有些动词既可以动名词又可以不定式作宾语，且意思差别不大，但有些动词以动名词或不定式作宾语时，意思有较大差别。如：remember to do 记得要做（某事）/remember doing 记得曾做过（某事）forget to do 忘记要做（某事）/forget doing 忘记曾做过（某事）go on to do（做完某事后）继续做（另一事）/go on doing 继续做（某事）regret to do 对要做（某事）感到遗憾/regret doing 对已做过（

22、某事）感到后悔 need to do 需要做（某事）/need doing 需要（被动）3分词 分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词表示主动、进行的意义；过去分词表示被动、完成的意义。如：boiling water(water which is boiling)，沸水；boiled water(water which has been boiled)，开水。分词主要起形容词和副词作用，在句中作表语、定语、宾补（主补）和状语等。1)作定语 分词作定语时与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓意义。分词短语作定语时，置于被修饰的词之后。如：Most of the computers are small mac

23、hines sitting on(=which sit on)the desks.There are all sorts of computers connected to(=which are connected to)the Internet.2)作宾补（主补）宾语与宾补有逻辑上的主谓意义。常以分词作宾补的动词有：catch,have,keep,get,see,hear,find,feel,leave,make,want,start,notice,observe,watch,set 等。如：The policeman caught the young man stealing from t

24、he shop.Libraries often have computers connected to the Internet for members of the public to use.3)作状语 表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task,we started on another one.(complete 先于start 之前发生)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：There seemed little hope that the explorer,hav

25、ing been deserted in the tropical forest,would find his way through it.表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction,completely lost to the outside world.表示结果，置于句尾。如：European football is played in 80

26、 countries,making it the most popular sport in the world.表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each making one major point in contrast with the other.表示条件 如：Weather permitting,well go to the Great Wall tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们就会去长城。4)分词的独立主格结构 分词的逻辑主语

27、一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm,we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in,the young couple lingered on merrymaking.5)现在分词的完成形式和被动形式 现在分词的完成形式：having+过去分词，表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：Having been there many times,she is qu

28、ite familiar with the city.现在分词的被动形式：being+过去分词，表示分词的动作正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生，但与主语的关系是被动的，作状语时相当于过去分词。如：The person being interviewed is my former classmate.(Being)bothered by the noise,he could not concentrate himself on his work.现在分词的完成被动形式：having+been+过去分词。如：Having been rebuilt,the palace looks more sple

29、ndid.例 1:_,the guest speaker was ushered into the auditorium hall to give the lecture.A.Being shown around the campus B.Having shown to the campus C.After been shown around the campus D.Having been shown around the campus【答案】D 查看答案【解析】完成时现在分词形式表时间。be shown around the campus 这一动作发生在 was ushered in to

30、 the auditorium hall 之前，应用完成时；另外，由题意可知需要用被动形式。例 2:Telecommuting is a new form of work _ to work,such as fathers with children,the chance to work while remaining at home.A.that affording those unable previously B.affords those who were previously unable C.affording those previously unable D.afforded

31、those previously unable【答案】C 查看答案【解析】现在分词形式作定语。句意：远程办公是一种新的工作形式，它使得那些以前没办法上班的人（比如有小孩的父亲们）有机会在家里上班。主句是Telecommuting is a new form of work.后面可跟分词短语表伴随，也可跟同位语从句补充说明 a new form of work。本题选 C，若用从句形式，应为：that affords those who are previously unable。（三）时态语态 常考时态 1将来时测试重点(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类

32、型。如：Ill tell him when you will ring again.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在 make sure,make certain,see(to it)后的 that 从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时。如：See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.2过去时测试重点 主句谓语动词是过去

33、时态，从句应根据上下文的意思选用相应的过去时态。从句的动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。如：Her father said that she was preparing her lessons yesterday evening.从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句用过去完成时。如：The hospital reported that its X-ray machine had failed.从句的动作发生在主句动作之后，从句用过去将来时。如：He thought that his son would phone him as soon as he got there.注：当

34、从句表示客观事实或真理时，其时态不受主句谓语时态的影响，总是用一般现在时。如：The teacher told the children that the earth always moves around the sun.3完成时测试重点(1)by/between/up to/till+过去时间、since、by the time/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.(2)by+将来时间、by the time/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句

35、，主句用将来完成时。如：By the time you arrive in London,we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(3)by now、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时，但在 it is+具体时间 since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不

36、用完成时。如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school.(4)在 It is the+序数词/形容词最高级+that 的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：It isnt the firs

37、t time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在 no soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。答题思路：先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；语态 确定主语与谓语之间的关系是正确应用语态的关键。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。不及物动词及表示状态的动词无被动语态。如：They must finish all the work before March.

38、(SVO)All the work must be finished(by them)before March.1)主动语态的句子中，如宾补是不带 to 的不定式，当句子变成被动语态后，由宾补变为主补的不定式必须带 to。如：The teacher made us write business letters in English.We were made to write business letters in English.2)带有主语从句的被动语态，常用形式主语 it，将主语从句后置。It is said that.It is reported that.It has been pro

39、ved that.注：时态和语态经常和在一起考。例：How can I ever concentrate if you _ continually _ me with silly questions?2008 年真题 A.have,interrupted B.had,interrupted C.are,interrupting D.were,interrupted【答案】C 查看答案【解析】句意：如果你一直问我如此愚蠢的问题、打扰我，我怎么能集中注意力干事呢？因为是这一段时间一直受打扰，所以用现在进行时。（四）定语从句 定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于

40、先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。1限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起限制作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有 who,whom,whose,which,that 等。who,whom,whose 用于指人，whose 有时也可指物，相当于 of which;which 用于指物；that 既可指人，也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned

41、by people and organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.（1）当先行词是 all,anything,everything,something,nothing 等不定代词，或先行词前有 first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only 以及形容词最高级修饰

42、时，只能用关系代词 that 引导定语从句。That is all that I have heard from him.He is the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon.（2）关系代词的省略：在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用 that，只可用 which 或 whom 引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于定语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用 that，也可省略。This is one of those things with which we have to put

43、up.This is one of those things(which/that)we have to put up with.（3）引导定语从句的关系副词有 when,where,why 等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。Even in comic books where(=in which)there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why(=for which)he was so angry that

44、day.2非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用 that 引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.3“介词+which/whom/whose”引导的定语从句“介词+which/whom/whose”可引导限制性的定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。This is the computer on

45、 which he spent all his savings.4as 引导的定语从句 as 引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as 引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as 代替先行词 problems)例：_ is often the case with a new idea,much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion pr

46、oduced no concrete proposals.A.That B.It C.This D.As【答案】D 查看答案【解析】as 引导的非限制性定语从句。句意：正如一种新的观念产生时一样，人们总是做许多准备活动和积极的讨论，却拿不出具体的建议。as 作关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，表达整个主句的意思。非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。（五）情态动词的用法 在北大考博英语考试中，情态助动词是常考的项目。尤其是情态动词动词完成体的结构，用来表示对过去的行为或动作进行推测或评论。常见的有如下结构：1must have

47、done 表示对过去事实肯定的猜测，意为“一定发生了”。如：Since the ground is wet，it must have rained last night.在表示否定的猜测时，即当意思为“一定没发生”时，用 can not/could not have done 结构。2could/may/might have done 表示“很可能、或许发生了”，表示不太肯定的推测。其中 might have done 表示事情“本来可能而事实却未发生”。3should/ought to have done 表示事情“本来应该发生而事实上却未发生”。相应的，此结构的否定式表示事情“本来不应该发

48、生而事实上却发生了”。4neednt have done 是对过去事情的必要性的否定，表示“本不必而事实上却发生了”；而对过去事情的必要性的否定还有一种方式，即 didnt need to do，此结构表示“不必发生而且也没有发生”。例如：It is Sunday today,you neednt have gone to school!(言下之意是去学校的动作已经发生了。)（六）比较句型 1not so muchas与其说不如说 如：The chief reason for the population growth isnt so much a rise in birth rates as

49、 a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.2no/not any morethan两者一样都不 如：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.3no/not any lessthan两者一样都 如：She is no less beautiful than her sister.4just asso.正如，也(用倒装结构)如：Just as the soil is

50、 a part of the earth,so is the atmosphere.5A is to B what C is to D,A 对 B 而言正如 C 对 D 一样 6The er,the er,越越 例：The most interesting new cars may owe _ the simple wisdom of hiring a few talented people and allowing them to work.A.less local free-spiritedness than B.less local free-spiritedness than to C