英语修辞写作—语法修辞篇参考材料Section1(2).pdf

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1、Section 1 Correct Use of Sentences in Grammar:Avoiding Syntactical Faults I.Key to the Exercise 1.Why is correct use of words in grammar important in writing?What are the common grammatical faults to be eliminated in cognitive writing?Find the answer(s)in the lecture.2.Comment on the use of sentence

2、 fragments in the following paragraphs from the sample text.The sentence in the first paragraph of the sample text has been revised by the compiler.The original one runs like this:Drury University has a wide array of talented staff members,but many students may be unaware that there is one teacher,D

3、r.Carlyle Sharpe,both an accomplished musician and a published composer.The subordinate clause“one teacher,Dr.Carlyle Sharpe,both an accomplished musician and a published composer”is a fragment one that lacks a verb“there is”and an attributive clause modifying“one”,thus seriously affecting the clari

4、ty of the meaning of the sentence.The first sentence in the fourth paragraph is a typical sentence fragment.It may add some but very slight emphasis to the expression of ideas.In a piece of cognitive writing like this,a complete sentence here will be clearer in meaning and more natural in speech flo

5、w.3.Revise the following comma splices and fused sentences.1)Many places are inflicted by natural disasters in this country.This has caused great food problem for the people.2)I forgot to take an umbrella with me,so Ive got great trouble in the rains.3)It is very easy to operate,and you dont have to

6、 trouble the others.4)Throughout history different nationalities in the country have been living in harmony.There was little conflict between them.5)The head of state and the religious leader were often the same person so that all power rested in one ruler.6)I have received your good news,and I am v

7、ery happy.4.Revise the following run-on sentence in five possible ways:separate the clauses with a period,join the clauses with a semicolon,use a semicolon with a relationship word,use a comma with a coordinating conjunction,and make one sentence part of,or subordinate to,the other sentence by addin

8、g a subordinator.Support groups have been organized in almost all cities.Research efforts to isolate the AIDS virus have been given substantial funding.Support groups have been organized in almost all cities;research efforts to isolate the AIDS virus have been given substantial funding.Support group

9、s have been organized in almost all cities;actually research efforts to isolate the AIDS virus have been given substantial funding.Support groups have been organized in almost all cities,and research efforts to isolate the AIDS virus have been given substantial funding.Support groups have been organ

10、ized in almost all cities so that research efforts to isolate the AIDS virus have been given substantial funding.5.Revise the following dangling(1-3),squinting(4-6)and misplaced(7-9)modifiers.1)After reading a lot,I found the problem becoming clearer in my mind.2)Deprived of the right to play on sta

11、ge,he can perform only in the workshops or streets.3)I have made efforts all in vain,not working in a correct direction.4)I said I would accomplish it eventually,without choosing a favorable time.5)Those who frequently missed classes failed the course.6)The speaker whom the audience had been enthusi

12、astically applauding shook everybodys hands in the front rows 7)He has annoyed nearly every everybody who had tried to help him 8)The Red attacked the Blue at the waist with successive mortal punches.9)When I was in the university I thought I had never any difficulty in my study.6.Revise the followi

13、ng misplaced modifiers.1)It is a five-year mission to go boldly where no man has gone before.2)Harrys teacher told him never to look back 3)I thought it best to sneak away from the accident quietly.II.Translation of the Sample Text Open.III.Supplementary Samples 1.Sample(1):Sentence Fragments Used i

14、n Speech Prime Minister and Labour Leader,Gordon Browns Speech at the 2009 Labour Party Annual Conference(Excerpt):You know friends,it is the fighters and believers who change the world.Weve changed the world before,and were going to change the world again.And you know,our country faces the biggest

15、choice for a generation.So we need to fight;not bow out,not walk away,not give in,not give up,but fight.Fight to win for Britain.Because if anyone says that to fight doesnt get you anywhere,that politics cant make a difference,that all parties are the same,then look what weve achieved together since

16、 1997:the winter fuel allowance,the shortest waiting times in history,crime down by a third,the creation of Surestart,the Cancer Guarantee,record results in schools,more students than ever,the Disability Discrimination Act,devolution,civil partnerships,peace in Northern Ireland,the social chapter,ha

17、lf a million children out of poverty,maternity pay,paternity leave,child benefit at record levels,the minimum wage,the ban on cluster bombs,the cancelling of debt,the trebling of aid,the first ever Climate Change Act;thats the Britain weve been building together,thats the change we choose.And so tod

18、ay,in the midst of events that are transforming our world,we meet united and determined to fight for the future.Our country confronts the biggest choice for a generation.Its a choice between two parties,yes.But more importantly a choice between two directions for our country.In the last eighteen mon

19、ths we have had to confront the biggest economic choices the world has faced since the 1930s.It was only a year ago that the world was looking over a precipice and Britain was in danger.I knew that unless I acted decisively and immediately,the recession could descend into a great depression with mil

20、lions of peoples jobs and homes and savings at risk.And times of great challenge mean choices of great consequence,so let me share with you a little about the choices we are making.The first choice was this:whether markets left to themselves could sort out the crisis;or whether governments had to ac

21、t.Our choice was clear;we nationalised Northern Rock and took shares in British banks,and as a result not one British saver has lost a single penny.That was the change we chose.The change that benefits the hard working majority,not the privileged few.And we faced a second big choice between letting

22、the recession run its course,or stimulating the economy back to growth.And we made our choice;help for small businesses,targeted tax cuts for millions and advancing our investment in roads,rail and education.That was the change we chose-change that benefits the hard working majority and not just a p

23、rivileged few.And then we had a third choice,between accepting unemployment as a price worth paying,or saving jobs.And we in Britain made our choice,its meant half a million jobs saved.And so Conference even in todays recession there are 29 million people in work.2 million more men and women providi

24、ng for their families than in 1997.And then we faced the mortgage choice to do nothing as repossessions rose or save the family homes people have worked so hard to buy.200,000 homeowners given direct government support to stay in their home.That was the change we chose change that benefits the mains

25、tream majority and not just a few.And then we faced another choice;between going our own way,or acting with other countries.And everybody knows the choice we made we picked internationalism over isolationism,leading the G20 to a global deal that will save 15 million jobs.Every government across Euro

26、pe made the choice to act.Every government across the G20 chose to act.Almost every major political party across the world chose to act.Only one party thought it was best to do nothing.Only one party with pretensions to government made the wrong choice;the Conservative Party of Britain.They made the

27、 wrong choice on Northern Rock.The wrong choice on jobs and spending.The wrong choice on mortgage support.The wrong choice on working with Europe.The only thing about their policy that is consistent is that they are consistently wrong.2.Sample(2):Fragments Used in Literary Writing Adventures of Tom

28、Sawyer Mark Twain CHAPTER II SATURDAY morning was come,and all the summer world was bright and fresh,and brimming with life.There was a song in every heart;and if the heart was young the music issued at the lips.There was cheer in every face and a spring in every step.The locust-trees were in bloom

29、and the fragrance of the blossoms filled the air.Cardiff Hill,beyond the village and above it,was green with vegetation and it lay just far enough away to seem a Delectable Land,dreamy,reposeful,and inviting.Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a long-handled brush.He surveyed

30、 the fence,and all gladness left him and a deep mel-ancholy settled down upon his spirit.Thirty yards of board fence nine feet high.Life to him seemed hollow,and existence but a burden.Sighing,he dipped his brush and passed it along the topmost plank;repeated the operation;did it again;compared the

31、in-significant whitewashed streak with the far-reaching continent of unwhitewashed fence,and sat down on a tree-box discouraged.Jim came skipping out at the gate with a tin pail,and singing Buffalo Gals.Bringing water from the town pump had always been hateful work in Toms eyes,before,but now it did

32、 not strike him so.He remembered that there was company at the pump.White,mulatto,and negro boys and girls were always there waiting their turns,resting,trading playthings,quarrelling,fighting,skylarking.And he remembered that although the pump was only a hundred and fifty yards off,Jim never got ba

33、ck with a bucket of water under an hour-and even then some-body generally had to go after him.Tom said:“Say,Jim,Ill fetch the water if youll whitewash some.”Jim shook his head and said:“Cant,Mars Tom.Ole missis,she tole me I got to go an git dis water an not stop foolin roun wid anybody.She say she

34、spec Mars Tom gwine to ax me to whitewash,an so she tole me go long an tend to my own business-she lowed SHED tend to de whitewashin.”“Oh,never you mind what she said,Jim.Thats the way she always talks.Gimme the bucket-I wont be gone only a a minute.SHE wont ever know.”“Oh,I dasnt,Mars Tom.Ole missi

35、s shed take an tar de head offn me.Deed she would.”“SHE!She never licks anybody-whacks em over the head with her thimble-and who cares for that,Id like to know.She talks awful,but talk dont hurt-anyways it dont if she dont cry.Jim,Ill give you a marvel.Ill give you a white alley!”Jim began to waver.

36、“White alley,Jim!And its a bully taw.”“My!Dats a mighty gay marvel,I tell you!But Mars Tom Is powerful fraid ole missis-”“And besides,if you will Ill show you my sore toe.”Jim was only human-this attraction was too much for him.He put down his pail,took the white alley,and bent over the toe with abs

37、orbing interest while the bandage was being unwound.In another moment he was flying down the street with his pail and a tingling rear,Tom was whitewashing with vigor,and Aunt Polly was retiring from the field with a slipper in her hand and triumph in her eye.But Toms energy did not last.He began to

38、think of the fun he had planned for this day,and his sorrows multiplied.Soon the free boys would come tripping along on all sorts of delicious expeditions,and they would make a world of fun of him for having to work-the very thought of it burnt him like fire.He got out his worldly wealth and examine

39、d it-bits of toys,marbles,and trash;enough to buy an exchange of WORK,maybe,but not half enough to buy so much as half an hour of pure freedom.So he returned his straitened means to his pocket,and gave up the idea of trying to buy the boys.At this dark and hopeless moment an inspiration burst upon h

40、im!Nothing less than a great,magnificent inspiration.He took up his brush and went tranquilly to work.Ben Rogers hove in sight presently-the very boy,of all boys,whose ridicule he had been dreading.Bens gait was the hop-skip-and-jump-proof enough that his heart was light and his anticipations high.H

41、e was eating an apple,and giving a long,melodious whoop,at intervals,followed by a deep-toned ding-dong-dong,ding-dong-dong,for he was personating a steamboat.As he drew near,he slackened speed,took the middle of the street,leaned far over to star-board and rounded to ponderously and with laborious

42、pomp and circumstance-for he was personating the Big Missouri,and considered himself to be drawing nine feet of water.He was boat and captain and engine-bells combined,so he had to imagine himself standing on his own hurricane-deck giving the orders and executing them:“Stop her,sir!Ting-a-ling-ling!

43、”The headway ran almost out,and he drew up slowly toward the sidewalk.“Ship up to back!Ting-a-ling-ling!”His arms straightened and stiffened down his sides.“Set her back on the stabboard!Ting-a-ling-ling!Chow!ch-chow-wow!Chow!”His right hand,mean-time,describing stately circles-for it was representi

44、ng a forty-foot wheel.“Let her go back on the labboard!Ting-a-ling-ling!Chow-ch-chow-chow!”The left hand began to describe circles.“Stop the stabboard!Ting-a-ling-ling!Stop the labboard!Come ahead on the stabboard!Stop her!Let your outside turn over slow!Ting-a-ling-ling!Chow-ow-ow!Get out that head

45、-line!LIVELY now!Come-out with your spring-line-whatre you about there!Take a turn round that stump with the bight of it!Stand by that stage,now-let her go!Done with the engines,sir!Ting-a-ling-ling!SHT!SHT!SHT!”(trying the gauge-cocks).Tom went on whitewashing-paid no attention to the steamboat.Ben

46、 stared a moment and then said:“Hi-YI!YOURE up a stump,aint you!”No answer.Tom surveyed his last touch with the eye of an artist,then he gave his brush another gentle sweep and surveyed the result,as before.Ben ranged up alongside of him.Toms mouth watered for the apple,but he stuck to his work.Ben

47、said:“Hello,old chap,you got to work,hey?”Tom wheeled suddenly and said:“Why,its you,Ben!I warnt noticing.”“Say-Im going in a-swimming,I am.Dont you wish you could?But of course youd druther WORK-wouldnt you?Course you would!”Tom contemplated the boy a bit,and said:“What do you call work?”“Why,aint

48、THAT work?”Tom resumed his whitewashing,and answered care-lessly:“Well,maybe it is,and maybe it aint.All I know,is,it suits Tom Sawyer.”“Oh come,now,you dont mean to let on that you LIKE it?”The brush continued to move.“Like it?Well,I dont see why I oughtnt to like it.Does a boy get a chance to whit

49、ewash a fence every day?”That put the thing in a new light.Ben stopped nibbling his apple.Tom swept his brush daintily back and forth-stepped back to note the effect-added a touch here and there-criticised the effect again-Ben watching every move and getting more and more interested,more and more ab

50、sorbed.Pres-ently he said:“Say,Tom,let ME whitewash a little.”Tom considered,was about to consent;but he altered his mind:“No-no-I reckon it wouldnt hardly do,Ben.You see,Aunt Pollys awful particular about this fence-right here on the street,you know-but if it was the back fence I wouldnt mind and S