剑桥雅思阅读5翻译及精讲(test4).docx

《剑桥雅思阅读5翻译及精讲(test4).docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《剑桥雅思阅读5翻译及精讲(test4).docx（78页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、剑桥雅思阅读5翻译及精讲(test4) 雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，须要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。下面我给大家共享一下剑桥雅思阅读5test4原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。 剑桥雅思阅读5原文(test4) READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages. Questions 1-3 Reading Passage 1 has three sections, A-C. C

2、hoose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet. List of Headings I The expansion of international tourism in recent years Ii How local communities can balance their own needs with the demands of wilderness t

3、ourism Iii Fragile regions and the reasons for the expansion of tourism there Iv Traditional methods of food-supply in fragile regions V Some of the disruptive effects of wilderness tourism Vi The economic benefits of mass tourism 1 Section A 2 Section B 3 Section C The Impact of Wilderness Tourism

4、A The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their wilderness regions such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition,

5、wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but

6、 also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earths surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with

7、harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year. Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor go

8、vernments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of adventure tourist, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapl

9、and and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizonas Monument Valley. B Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for

10、foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is

11、 insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods. In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fis

12、h and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage lab

13、our, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up? The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. M

14、uch attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and

15、 water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use. C Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile en

16、vironments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepals Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activiti

17、es benefit the local population and environment over the long term. In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays dEnhaut result

18、ed in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors. Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, w

19、ho employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour

20、 from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers. Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality

21、 handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery. Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture an

22、d their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because peoples desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in th

23、eir regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception. Questions

24、4-9 Do the following statements reflect the opinion of the writer of Reading Passage 1? In boxes 4-9 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement reflects the opinion of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the opinion of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thin

25、ks about this 4 The low financial cost of setting up wilderness tourism makes it attractive to many countries. 5 Deserts, mountains and Arctic regions are examples of environments that are both ecologically and culturally fragile. 6 Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas. 7

26、 The spread of tourism in certain hill-regions has resulted in a fall in the amount of food produced locally. 8 Traditional food-gathering in desert societies was distributed evenly over the year. 9 Government handouts do more damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-gathering. Quest

27、ions 10-13 Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD from Reading Passage 1 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. The positive ways in which some local communities have responded to tourism People/Location Activity Swiss Pays dEnhaut Arctic communities Acoma and Sa

28、n lldefonso Navajo and Hopi Revived production of 10 Operate 11businesses Produce and sell 12 Produce and sell 13 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass On 2nd August 1999, a

29、particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane,

30、they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure. The glass industry is aware of the issue, says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards devel

31、opment officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. Its a very rare phenomenon, he says. Others disagree. On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures, says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops

32、 Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CladTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg, says Trevor Ford, a glass expert

33、at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: No-one wants bad press. Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. Its easy to see why. This glass has five times the str

34、ength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy. It is made by heating a sheet of ord

35、inary glass to about 620C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer

36、layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking. The problem starts when glass cont

37、ains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel s

38、ulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals. These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high tem

39、peratures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals dont have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert

40、 to the beta phase without warning. When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months a

41、fter manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated by sunlight, for example the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkingtons g

42、lass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old. Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7

43、 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means youve got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures. One of the worst examples of this is

44、 Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40-storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the Uni

45、versity of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane. These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel sulphide crystals. We discovered at least another 120 panes with potenti

46、ally dangerous inclusions which were then replaced, says Barry. It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete. Though the project cost A$1.6 million (nearly 700,000), the alternative re-cladding the entire building would have cost ten times as much. Quest

47、ions 14-17 Look at the following people and the list of statements below. Match each person with the correct statement. Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. 14 Brain Waldron 15 Trevor Ford 16 Graham Dodd 17 John Barry List of Statements A suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressed B regularly sees cases of nickel sulphide failure C closely examined all the glass in one building D was involved with the