剑桥雅思阅读6(test3)原文翻译答案.docx

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1、剑桥雅思阅读6(test3)原文翻译答案 雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，须要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。下面我给大家共享一下剑桥雅思阅读6test6原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。 剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test3) READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. A The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Ca

2、pucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. Before the eyes of the stunned, thrilled audience, photographs came to life and moved across a flat screen. B So ordinary and routine has this become to us that it takes a determined leap of the imagination to grasp t

3、he impact of those first moving images. But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century. C One of the Lum

4、iere Brothers earliest films was a 30-second piece which showed a section of a railway platform flooded with sunshine. A train appears and heads straight for the camera. And that is all that happens. Yet the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky, one of the greatest of all film artists, described the fi

5、lm as a work of genius. As the train approached, wrote Tarkovsky, panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, t

6、herefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them. D Early cinema audiences often experienced the same confusion. In time, the idea of film became familiar, the magic was accepted but it never stopped being magic. Film has never lost its unique power to

7、embrace its audiences and transport them to a different world. For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in c

8、inema, the real, objective flow of time was captured. E One effect of this realism was to educate the world about itself. For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people travelled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they knew how other people worked and lived

9、. Overwhelmingly, the lives recorded at least in film fiction have been American. From the earliest days of the industry, Hollywood has dominated the world film market. American imagery the cars, the cities, the cowboys became the primary imagery of film. Film carried American life and values around

10、 the globe. F And, thanks to film, future generations will know the 20th century more intimately than any other period. We can only imagine what life was like in the 14th century or in classical Greece. But the life of the modern world has been recorded on film in massive, encyclopedic detail. We sh

11、all be known better than any preceding generations. G The star was another natural consequence of cinema. The cinema star was effectively born in 1910. Film personalities have such an immediate presence that, inevitably, they become super-real. Because we watch them so closely and because everybody

12、in the world seems to know who they are, they appear more real to us than we do ourselves. The star as magnified human self is one of cinemas most strange and enduring legacies. H Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began s

13、howing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. All that mattered at first was the wonder of movement. Indeed, some said that, once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away. It was no more than a passing gimmick, a fairground attraction. I Cinema might, for e

14、xample, have become primarily a documentary form. Or it might have developed like television as a strange, noisy transfer of music, information and narrative. But what happened was that it became, overwhelmingly, a medium for telling stories. Originally these were conceived as short stories early pr

15、oducers doubted the ability of audiences to concentrate for more than the length of a reel. Then, in 1912, an Italian 2-hour film was hugely successful, and Hollywood settled upon the novel-length narrative that remains the dominant cinematic convention of today. J And it has all happened so quickly

16、. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled, convinced by the dangerous reality of what they saw, and, perhaps, suddenly aware that the world could never be the same again that, maybe, it could be better, brighter, more astonishing, more

17、real than reality. Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has ten paragraphs, A-J. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 1 the location of the first cinema 2 how cinema came to focus on stories 3 the speed with which cinema has

18、 changed 4 how cinema teaches us about other cultures 5 the attraction of actors in films Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the sta

19、tement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 6 It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema. 7 The Lumiere Brothers film about the train was one of the greatest films ever made. 8 Cinema presents a bi

20、ased view of other countries. 9 Storylines were important in very early cinema. Questions 10-13 Choose the correct letter, A B, C to D. Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet. 10 The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrate A the simplicity of early films.

21、 B the impact of early films. C how short early films were. D how imaginative early films were. 11 In Tarkovskys opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it A aims to impress its audience. B tells stories better than books. C illustrates the passing of time. D describes familiar events. 12 When

22、 cinema first began, people thought that A it would always tell stories. B it should be used in fairgrounds. C its audiences were unappreciative. D its future was uncertain. 13 What is the best title for this passage? A The rise of the cinema star B Cinema and novels compared C The domination of Hol

23、lywood D The power of the big screen READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages. Questions 14-18 Reading Passage 2 contains six Key Points. Choose the correct heading for Key Points TWO to SIX from the list of h

24、eadings below. Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i Ensure the reward system is fair ii Match rewards to individuals iii Ensure targets are realistic iv Link rewards to achievement v Encourage managers to take more responsibility vi Recognise chan

25、ges in employees performance over time vii Establish targets and give feedback viii Ensure employees are suited to their jobs Example Answer Key Point One Viii 14 Key Point Two 15 Key Point Three 16 Key Point Four 17 Key Point Five 18 Key Point Six Motivating Employees under Adverse Conditions THE C

26、HALLENGE It is a great deal easier to motivate employees in a growing organisation than a declining one. When organisations are expanding and adding personnel, promotional opportunities, pay rises, and the excitement of being associated with a dynamic organisation create feelings of optimism. Manage

27、ment is able to use the growth to entice and encourage employees. When an organisation is shrinking, the best and most mobile workers are prone to leave voluntarily. Unfortunately, they are the ones the organisation can least afford to lose those with the highest skills and experience. The minor emp

28、loyees remain because their job options are limited. Morale also suffers during decline. People fear they may be the next to be made redundant. Productivity often suffers, as employees spend their time sharing rumours and providing one another with moral support rather than focusing on their jobs. F

29、or those whose jobs are secure, pay increases are rarely possible. Pay cuts, unheard of during times of growth, may even be imposed. The challenge to management is how to motivate employees under such retrenchment conditions. The ways of meeting this challenge can be broadly divided into six Key Poi

30、nts, which are outlined below. KEY POINT ONE There is an abundance of evidence to support the motivational benefits that result from carefully matching people to jobs. For example, if the job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought.

31、 However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post in a large bureaucratic organisation, a candidate who has a high need for power and a low need for affiliation should be selected. Accordingly, high achievers should not be put into jobs that are inconsistent with their needs. High achievers wil

32、l do best when the job provides moderately challenging goals and where there is independence and feedback. However, it should be remembered that not everybody is motivated by jobs that are high in independence, variety and responsibility. KEY POINT TWO The literature on goal-setting theory suggests

33、that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organisation, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already int

34、ernally motivated. The next factor to be determined is whether the goals should be assigned by a manager or collectively set in conjunction with the employees. The answer to that depends on perceptions of goal acceptance and the organisations culture. If resistance to goals is expected, the use of p

35、articipation in goal-setting should increase acceptance. If participation is inconsistent with the culture, however, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it

36、. KEY POINT THREE Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within managements perceptions of the employees ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. Managers must be sure, therefore, that employees feel confident that their efforts can lead to performanc

37、e goals. For managers, this means that employees must have the capability of doing the job and must regard the appraisal process as valid. KEY POINT FOUR Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employe

38、e to personalise the rewards over which they have control. Some of the more obvious rewards that managers allocate include pay, promotions, autonomy, job scope and depth, and the opportunity to participate in goal-setting and decision-making. KEY POINT FIVE Managers need to make rewards contingent o

39、n performance. To reward factors other than performance will only reinforce those other factors. Key rewards such as pay increases and promotions or advancements should be allocated for the attainment of the employees specific goals. Consistent with maximising the impact of rewards, managers should

40、look for ways to increase their visibility. Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyones remuneration, publicising performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that wil

41、l make rewards more visible and potentially more motivating. KEY POINT SIX The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. On a simplistic level, experience, abilities, effort and other obvious inp

42、uts should explain differences in pay, responsibility and other obvious outcomes. The problem, however, is complicated by the existence of dozens of inputs and outcomes and by the fact that employee groups place different degrees of importance on them. For instance, a study comparing clerical and pr

43、oduction workers identified nearly twenty inputs and outcomes. The clerical workers considered factors such as quality of work performed and job knowledge near the top of their list, but these were at the bottom of the production workers list. Similarly, production workers thought that the most impo

44、rtant inputs were intelligence and personal involvement with task accomplishment, two factors that were quite low in the importance ratings of the clerks. There were also important, though less dramatic, differences on the outcome side. For example, production workers rated advancement very highly,

45、whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. Such findings suggest that one persons equity is anothers inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group. Questions 19-24 Do the following statements agree with the vie

46、ws of the writer in Reading Passage 27? In boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 19 A shrinking organization tends

47、 to lose its less skilled employees rather than its more skilled employees. 20 It is easier to manage a small business than a large business. 21 High achievers are well suited to team work. 22 Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting. 23 The staff appraisal process should be