剑桥雅思阅读6test1原文翻译及答案解析.docx

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1、剑桥雅思阅读6test1原文翻译及答案解析 雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，须要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。下面我给大家共享一下剑桥雅思阅读6test1原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。 剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test1) READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. AUSTRALIAS SPORTING SUCCESS A They play hard, they play often, and they p

2、lay to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS),

3、 hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice

4、. B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one such as building muscle streng

5、th in golfers to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. We cant waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that dont help the coach work with an athlete and improve

6、performance, says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS. C A lot of their work comes down to measurement everything from the exact angle of a swimmers dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaki

7、ng performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. Its the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis t

8、ool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biom

9、echanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Masons contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each pa

10、rt of a swimmers performance into factors that can be analysed individually stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer. D Take a look, says Mason, pulling out a sheet

11、 of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy, says Mason. If he can improve on his

12、turns, he can do much better. This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athletes clothes or running shoes to m

13、onitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athletes ability to run. Theres more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimenta

14、tion, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising

15、again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy. E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a competition model,

16、based on what they expect will be the winning times. You design the model to make that time, says Mason. A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times. All the training is then geared towards mak

17、ing the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the worlds most successful sporting nation. F Of course, theres nothing to stop other countries copying and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveil

18、ed coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists and rowers times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the altitude tent, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. B

19、ut Australias success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system. Questions 1-7 Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 1

20、-7 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 1 a reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports 2 an explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations 3 a reason for narrowing the scope of research activity 4 how some AIS ideas have been reproduce

21、d 5 how obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated 6 an overview of the funded support of athletes 7 how performance requirements are calculated before an event Questions 8-11 Classify the following techniques according to whether the writer states they A are currently exclusively used by

22、Australians B will be used in the future by Australians C are currently used by both Australians and their rivals Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 8-11 on your answer sheet. 8 cameras 9 sensors 10 protein tests 11 altitude tents Questions 12 and 13 Answer the questions below. Choose NO

23、MORE THAN THREE WORDS ANDIOR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet. 12 What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in an event? 13 By how much did some cyclists performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games? READING PASSA

24、GE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. DELIVERING THE GOODS The vast expansion in international trade owes much to a revolution in the business of moving freight A International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global eco

25、nomy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. Foreign products, from meat to machinery, play a more important role in almost every economy in the world, and foreign markets now tempt businesses that never much worr

26、ied about sales beyond their nations borders. B What lies behind this explosion in international commerce? The general worldwide decline in trade barriers, such as customs duties and import quotas, is surely one explanation. The economic opening of countries that have traditionally been minor player

27、s is another. But one force behind the import-export boom has passed all but unnoticed: the rapidly falling cost of getting goods to market. Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they have been made, are assumed to move instantly and at no cost from place to

28、 place. The real world, however, is full of frictions. Cheap labour may make Chinese clothing competitive in America, but if delays in shipment tie up working capital and cause winter coats to arrive in spring, trade may lose its advantages. C At the turn of the 20th century, agriculture and manufac

29、turing were the two most important sectors almost everywhere, accounting for about 70% of total output in Germany, Italy and France, and 40-50% in America, Britain and Japan. International commerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and iron ore, or processed commodities,

30、such as meat and steel. But these sorts of products are heavy and bulky and the cost of transporting them relatively high. D Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbours. Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and w

31、eight. Today, it is finished manufactured products that dominate the flow of trade, and, thanks to technological advances such as lightweight components, manufactured goods themselves have tended to become lighter and less bulky. As a result, less transportation is required for every dollars worth o

32、f imports or exports. E To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. Most of the worlds disk-drive manufacturing is concentrated in South-east Asia. This is possible only because disk drives, while valuable, are small and light and so cost little to sh

33、ip. Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. Distance therefore poses no obstacle to the globalisation of the disk-drive industry. F This is even more true of the fast-g

34、rowing information industries. Films and compact discs cost little to transport, even by aeroplane. Computer software can be exported without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another, so freight rates and cargo-handling schedules become

35、insignificant factors in deciding where to make the product. Businesses can locate based on other considerations, such as the availability of labour, while worrying less about the cost of delivering their output. G In many countries deregulation has helped to drive the process along. But, behind the

36、 scenes, a series of technological innovations known broadly as containerisation and inter-modal transportation has led to swift productivity improvements in cargo-handling. Forty years ago, the process of exporting or importing involved a great many stages of handling, which risked portions of the

37、shipment being damaged or stolen along the way. The invention of the container crane made it possible to load and unload containers without capsizing the ship and the adoption of standard container sizes allowed almost any box to be transported on any ship. By 1967, dual-purpose ships, carrying loos

38、e cargo in the hold_and containers on the deck, were giving way to all-container vessels that moved thousands of boxes at a time. H The shipping container transformed ocean shipping into a highly efficient, intensely competitive business. But getting the cargo to and from the dock was a different st

39、ory. National governments, by and large, kept a much firmer hand on truck and railroad tariffs than on charges for ocean freight. This started changing, however, in the mid-1970s, when America began to deregulate its transportation industry. First airlines, then road hauliers and railways, were free

40、d from restrictions on what they could carry, where they could haul it and what price they could charge. Big productivity gains resulted. Between 1985 and 1996, for example, Americas freight railways dramatically reduced their employment, trackage, and their fleets of locomotives while increasing th

41、e amount of cargo they hauled. Europes railways have also shown marked, albeit smaller, productivity improvements. I In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in most countries the process still has far to go. State ownership of railways and airlines,

42、 regulation of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, such as cargo-handling monopolies, all keep the cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. Bringing these barriers down would help the worlds economies grow even closer. hold: ships storage area below

43、beck Questions 14-17 Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet. 14 a suggestion for improving trade in the future 15 the effects of the introduction of electronic delivery 16 the

44、similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier 17 the weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery Questions 18-22 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 18-22 on your answe

45、r sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 18 International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy. 19 Cheap labour guarantees effective trade conditions. 20 Ja

46、pan imports more meat and steel than France. 21 Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations. 22 Small computer components are manufactured in Germany. Questions 23-26 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below. Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 23-26 on your an

47、swer sheet. THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION Modern Cargo-handing methods have had a significant effect on 23. as the business of moving freight around the world becomes increasingly streamlined. Manufacturers of computers, for instance, are able to import 24. from overseas, rather than having to rely on a local supplier. The introduction of 25. has meant that bulk cargo can be safely and efficiently moved over long distances. While international shipping is now efficient, there is still a n