2023年12月大学英语四级选词填空专练.doc

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1、2023年12月大学英语四级选词填空专练（答案）As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is _1_ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.If a firm wants to

2、_2_ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a _3_ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be _4_, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the require

3、ments of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in points, which are _5_ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their

4、responsibility, and their _6_ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without _7_ to an evaluation system based on points.In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should _8_ the value of each

5、job with these in the job market. _9_, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for _10_ workers, where measurement is diffic

6、ult, methods of additional payments are employed.AcompareBresponsibleCusefulDaddedEfindFreferenceGindirectHmethodIsuccessfulJcombinedKNecessarilyLcapacityMabilityNBasicallyOadopt【答案及详解】1.选B）。此处应填形容词。原文意思为“会计部门计算报酬”，选项中的形容词responsible“负责任的”，useful“有用的”，indirect“间接的”，successful“成功的”，其中indirect不能与for连用

7、，排除；剩余几项中只有B）responsible意义符合原句，其他均不符合，故排除。2.选O）。此处应填动词原形。本文主题就是采用一种新的工资和薪水制度时需要注意的问题，选项中的动词原形有compare“比较”，find“找到”，adopt“采纳”，分别带入原文，只有adopt最符合原文意思，故选O）。3.选H）。此处应填名词。从原文看，and连接并列结构，所以要填的词应与and后面的ways意思一致，选项中的名词只有mathod = ways，故选H）method.4.选I）。此处应填形容词。上文说新的工资制度需要一套决定工作评估和衡量雇员表现的方法，说的是制度“是否有用”的问题。这句说的时

8、新的工资制度执行过程中的问题，劳资双方先期达成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要条件。形容词useful和successful，I）seccessful更符合原文意思。5.选D）。此处应填动词。这个动词的宾语是point“分值”，把分值起来to give a total value“得出总分值”，选项中有added和combined，前者指“把相加”，后者意为“把结合在一起”，原文指将分值相加得出总分，故D）added最符合文意。6.选M）。此处应填名词。一方面solve problem“解决问题”是经理们应具有的能力，选项中的capacity与ability都可以表达“能力”；前者强调的是理解的能力和

9、接受事物的能力，而后者强调实际应用的能力，故不难判断解决问题的能力应当用M）ability.7.选F）。此处应填名词。前半句指出“由于管理工作很难评估，经理的工作得分不需要参照基于分值的评估系统决定。”without reference to为固定搭配，意思是“与无关”。故选F）reference.8.选A）。此处应填动词原形。原句中出现了the value of each job“每种工作的价值”和these in the job market“工作市场上的（工作价值）”，说明人事部门通过比较两种价值来计算工资制度。选项中只有compare表达“比较”，所以A）对的。9.选K）。此处应填副词

10、，修饰整句话。“报酬要随工作表现各方面的不同而有所改变”，选项中Necessarily“必须地”与Basically“基本地”为副词，分别带入原文，“报酬的变化是必须的”更符合上下文意思，故排除N），选K）。10.选G）。此处应填形容词。前文中提到一种情况即simple to measure the work done“易于评估的工作”，通常用钞票奖励办法；而.measurement is difficult“难于评估的”，说明这些工作人员的工作不像手工工作那么直接，因而是间接的，故选项中只有G）indirect符合原句的意思。After the violent earthquake that

11、 shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll(死亡人数) could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, and earthquake of similar _1_ that shook America in 1998 claimed 25,000 victims.Injuries and deaths were

12、_2_ less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. On a holiday, when traffic was light on the citys highway. In addition, _3_ made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the citys buildings and highways, making them more _4_ to quakes.In the

13、 past, making structures quake-resist-ant meant firm yet _5_ materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a building off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to _6_ the impact of ground vibrations. The most

14、_7_ designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports, called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquakes vibrations. When ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would _8_ the building to shift in the opposite direction. The n

15、ew designs should offer even greater _9_ to cities where earthquakes ofen take place.The new smart structures could be very _10_ to build. However, they would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.AchangesBflexibleCdecreaseDrecentEpushFreduceGrelativelyHsafetyIres

16、istantJexpensiveKforceLaccordinglyMintensityNsecurityOopposed【答案及详解】Answers：1.选M）。此处应填名词，作介词of的宾语，作为后置定语修饰earthquake，说明该名词是“地震”的自然属性。选项中的名词有changes，safety，intensity和security，只有intensity可以表达地震的强度，故选M）。2.选G）。此处应填副词，用来修饰形容词less.选项中的副词有relatively“相对的”和accordingly“相应的”，第一段说这次地震和1998年的那次地震限度同样，但导致的损失却小很多，

17、再从后句中“高速路上的车辆不是很多”可以推断：这次的地震导致的“死伤人数”与1998年比少很多，即少是相对的，故选G）relatively.3.选A）。空格中要填的词是本句话中的主语，应为名词。这句话的主干是have strengthened the citys buildings and highways，从第三段的内容和注释3的解析可知：建筑结构发生了变化，故应选择A）changes.4.选I）。此处应填形容词，和其前面的more构成形容词的比较级，描述新型建筑与地震有关的性能。them = the citys buildings and highways, have strengthen

18、ed “被加固”说明他们更有抵御风险的能力了。选项中的四个形容词只有resistant符合这个意思，故选I）。5.选B）。此处应填形容词，修饰名词materials.从后面的.bent without breaking “即使弯曲也不会折断”，说明是有韧性的材料。选项中的四个形容词只有flexible表达“柔韧的，可变形的”，故B）对的。6.选F）。此处应填名词。根据上下文insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation“在建筑物和地基之间填充橡胶和钢材”是为了减少the impact of ground vibra

19、tions“地面震动对建筑物的影响”。选项中decrease和reduce都可以表达“减少”的意思，前者指稳定的逐步地减少，后者强调在大小、限度或强度方面下降或减少。故F）reduce更符合题意。7.选D）。根据注释3，可以推知，这里要填的词是和前面的In the past，Laer相相应的，选项中的形容词中只有recent可表达时间，the most recent desighs“最近的设计”，在原文中可以相应“过去，后来”，故D）为对的答案。8.选K）。前面提到了智能建筑，这里说明本地震使这样的建筑向前倒的时候，电脑会如何它，使它相反方向移动。在动词push和force之间悬着。push强

20、调的是外加的力量，而这里的拖力者是与智能建筑一体的计算机系统，故这里force符合文意。9.选N）。此后应填名词，做动词offer的宾语。本句前面一直在描述新型建筑采用的抗震措施，本句是这些措施的结果。抗震型建筑为城市提供的应当是更多的安全保障，选项中表达“安全”的词有safety和security，前者是处在安全状态，不受伤害，没有危险，多用于人身，货品。后者常指国家社会的免遭战争，劫难而安然无恙，故N）security更符合文意。10.选J）。此处应填形容词。从后面的However后的一句说明智能建筑的优点而得知，However前所说的是智能建筑的缺陷。既然智能建筑很聪明，又是新事物，那么

21、建造起来肯定会花费很多资金的，所以选J）expensive.Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so _1_ in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more _2_ than ci

22、vilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to _3_ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to _4_ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the _5_ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier wa

23、y is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to _6_ professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many _7_ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among

24、the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of _8_ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without _9_, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to

25、think, speak, and act _10_, on the job at least.AskillBpopularCgetDchangeEsimilarlyFprofessionalGcharacterHindividualityIinspireJdifferentlyKexpectLpracticalMrecallNloseOordinary【答案解析】1.选B）。从文章的第一句they love and respect few thins more than a uniform“他们又无比热爱和崇尚制服”，说明了制服在美国很受欢迎。因此选项B）popular符合原文意思。选项中的

26、professional“职业的”、practical“实用的”和ordinary“普通的，平常的”都不符合第一段的意思。2.选F）。此处应填形容词。从morethan civilian clothes可知，此处要填的形容词意思与civilian相对，说明制服的特点。选项中的形容词中只有professional“职业的”和civilian相对的，故F）对的。而pratical“实用的”和ordinary“平常的”意思都不能和civilian相应，故排除。3.选K）。由be conditioned to do sth.“习惯于”可知，此处应填动词原形。从前面的look more“看起来更”和后面

27、的tend to“倾向于”可知，这段要说明的是人们的主观印象，应填入表达“盼望（得到）”的单词，只有K）expect符合原文语气。选项中get“得到”与上下文的语气不符合。4.选I）。此处应填动词原形。从原文中“人们习惯从穿制服的人那儿得到优质服务。”可知，人们更信任穿制服的人，即制服能使人产生信任感。选项中的动词原形中只有inspire“使产生”符合文章。5.选A）。此处应填名词。前面两句表达了人们对穿制服的人更加信任的意思，那么对于garage mechanic“汽车修理工”来说，人们信任的是它的技术，而不是人品，故选项中只有A）skill符合原文意思。6.选N）。此处应填动词。.step

28、 out of uniform“脱掉制服”是对护士、警察等来说是职业身份的很简朴的方式。脱下制服就是失去了职业身份，由此可以推知此处应填N）lose.7.选L）。此处应填形容词，说明制服的其他有点。从下文“节省购买其他衣服的开销，节省洗衣费用，比便服更舒适也更耐穿”可知，制服除了增长信任感尚有实际的优点。选项中的pratical“实用的”和ordinary“平常的”，很明显L）pratical符合原文意思。8.选H）。此处应填名词。文章手段就说“美国人为自己的多元化和个性化感到傲慢无比，然而他们又无比热爱和崇尚制服”，其中包含制服使他们失去自己的个性的意思，那么联系第一段，此处指出的制服的缺陷

29、即为失去个性，故选项H）individuality对的。individuality强调与别人特点的区别，而character指的是个人特定的内在本质。9.选D）。此处应填名词。前面说制服让人失去了个性，虽然有很多种制服，但穿上制服的人直至退休都是那件制服，所有是没有变化的，故此处应填change，故D）对的。10.选E）。此处应填副词，修饰动词act.前面指出.look alike, they tend to，说明此处填的词和alike意思相近。选项种副词有similarly和differently，很明显，E）similarly与alike意思相近，故选E）。As is known to a

30、ll, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is _1_ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.If a firm wants to _2_ a new wage and salary structure, it

31、is essential that the firm should decide on a _3_ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be _4_, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detai

32、led job description. Each of thsoe requirements is given a value, usually in points, which are _5_ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their _6_ to solve p

33、roblems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without _7_ to an evaluation system based on points.In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should _8_ the value of each job with these in the job market. _9_, p

34、ayment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for _10_ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are

35、employed.AcompareBresponsibleCusefulDaddedEfindFreferenceGindirectHmethodIsuccessfulJcombinedKNecessarilyLcapacityMabilityNBasicallyOadopt【答案】1.选B）。此处应填形容词。原文意思为“会计部门计算报酬”，选项中的形容词responsible“负责任的”，useful“有用的”，indirect“间接的”，successful“成功的”，其中indirect不能与for连用，排除；剩余几项中只有B）responsible意义符合原句，其他均不符合，故排除。2

36、.选O）。此处应填动词原形。本文主题就是采用一种新的工资和薪水制度时需要注意的问题，选项中的动词原形有compare“比较”，find“找到”，adopt“采纳”，分别带入原文，只有adopt最符合原文意思，故选O）。3.选H）。此处应填名词。从原文看，and连接并列结构，所以要填的词应与and后面的ways意思一致，选项中的名词只有mathod = ways，故选H）method.4.选I）。此处应填形容词。上文说新的工资制度需要一套决定工作评估和衡量雇员表现的方法，说的是制度“是否有用”的问题。这句说的时新的工资制度执行过程中的问题，劳资双方先期达成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要条件。形容词us

37、eful和successful，I）seccessful更符合原文意思。5.选D）。此处应填动词。这个动词的宾语是point“分值”，把分值起来to give a total value“得出总分值”，选项中有added和combined，前者指“把相加”，后者意为“把结合在一起”，原文指将分值相加得出总分，故D）added最符合文意。6.选M）。此处应填名词。一方面solve problem“解决问题”是经理们应具有的能力，选项中的capacity与ability都可以表达“能力”；前者强调的是理解的能力和接受事物的能力，而后者强调实际应用的能力，故不难判断解决问题的能力应当用M）abili

38、ty.7.选F）。此处应填名词。前半句指出“由于管理工作很难评估，经理的工作得分不需要参照基于分值的评估系统决定。”without reference to为固定搭配，意思是“与无关”。故选F）reference.8.选A）。此处应填动词原形。原句中出现了the value of each job“每种工作的价值”和these in the job market“工作市场上的（工作价值）”，说明人事部门通过比较两种价值来计算工资制度。选项中只有compare表达“比较”，所以A）对的。9.选K）。此处应填副词，修饰整句话。“报酬要随工作表现各方面的不同而有所改变”，选项中Necessarily“必须地”与Basically“基本地”为副词，分别带入原文，“报酬的变化是必须的”更符合上下文意思，故排除N），选K）。10.选G）。此处应填形容词。前文中提到一种情况即simple to measure the work done“易于评估的工作”，通常用钞票奖励办法；而.measurement is difficult“难于评估的”，说明这些工作人员的工作不像手工工作那么直接，因而是间接的，故选项中只有G）indirect符合原句的意思。