2023年考研英语阅读理解真题解析第一篇天才非天生.doc

《2023年考研英语阅读理解真题解析第一篇天才非天生.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2023年考研英语阅读理解真题解析第一篇天才非天生.doc（10页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2023 TEXT 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2023s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the Eur

2、opean national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.假如你打算在2023年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有也许发现一个引人注目的巧合：优秀足球运动员更也许出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。假如你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。certificate n.证书【巧】certif (y证明) +i

3、c（形容词后缀）+ate（作名词后缀表“物”）具证明性质的东西证书。【例】a leaving certificate 毕业（肄业, 离职）证书; academic certificate学历证书;I must discard riches, the certificate of slavery.我必须抛弃财富这张奴隶证书。quirk kw:k n. 怪癖；急转；借口elite n.精英（中频词）来自elect选举，选出来的【巧】谐音：“爱理他”“精英人士”每个人都爱理他。1、If you were to examine the birth certificates of every socce

4、r player in 2023s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.【译文】 假如你查看一下参与2023年世界杯赛的所有足球运动员的出生证，你极有也许会发现一个引人注意的怪事：优秀的足球运动员大多是在年头出生，而不是在年尾出生。【析句】 这是一个典型的虚拟条件句，但是

5、主句的宾语后面跟着一个同位语从句。此句并不难理解。【讲词】birth certificate意为出生证。certificate的意思是证书；证明书；凭证。对于学生来说，certificate是指结业证，即完毕了某门课程或一段时间学习的证明。相近的单词有diploma（文凭；毕业证书；证明权力、特权、荣誉等的证书或奖状）。大学毕业取得的学位，英语是用degree来表达，degree重要有三个：学士(bachelor)学位、硕士(master)学位和博士(doctor或PhD)学位。noteworthy表达值得注意，引人注意的。quirk 意为怪癖;怪事，巧合，在句中表达奇怪的现象。elite 意

6、为精英，菁华；杰出人士。2、If you then examine the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.【译文】假如你再查看一下为世界杯和职业联赛输送人才的欧洲各国的国家青年队，你会发现这种奇怪的现象更加明显。【析句】主句you would find.，this strange phenomenon是宾语，to be even more

7、pronounced是宾语补足语。【讲词】feed的基本意思是喂；饲养，但在本句中则表达输送。pronounce通常表达发音；宣布，而pronounced显然是过去分词作形容词，表达讲出来的；显著的，断然的，明确的。分析句子，可知表达显然的，明显的。rank 可以表达等级；行列；阶级，professional ranks表达职业队伍，即各级职业联赛的队伍。What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soc

8、cer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：a）某种占星术征兆使人具有更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力，这

9、增长了踢足球的持久力；c）热爱足球的父母更也许在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项都不是。astrological adj.占星的, 占星术的stamina n.毅力, 持久力, 精力【例】exhibit enough stamina to master English. 表现出掌握英语的充足的毅力;That young man lacks stamina.那个年青人缺少毅力。conceive v.怀孕, 考虑, 设想【例】conceive prejudices抱偏见；conceive a child 怀孕；Scientists first conceived the idea

10、of atomic bomb in the 1930s. 20世纪30年代科学家们初次设想原子弹的计划。annual adj.每年的（中频词）【例】annual report / income / production年度报告 / 收入 / 产量peak n.顶点, (记录的)最高峰 mania n.癖好, 狂热【例】She has a mania for ponies. 她特别喜欢小马。3、What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses： a) certain astrological signs

11、confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.【译文】 如何解释这一奇怪的现象？有几个猜想：1. 某些星相赋予超强的足球技能。2. 冬天的婴儿

12、大多摄氧量更高，可以增长足球体能。3. 狂爱足球的父母更有也许在春天怀孕，这一段时间是足球狂热的高峰。4. 以上选项都不对的。【析句】 冒号之后是四个选项，其中涉及三个简朴句和一个名词短语结构。【讲词】account for重要表达解释，说明，即是explain的意思。例如：Bad weather accounted for the long delay of the flight.（航班长期的延缓是由于坏天气。）The suspect couldnt account for his time that night.（嫌犯不能说明那天晚上他的时间安排。）astrological sign 指星

13、座或星相（zodiac，黄道），共有12个：水瓶座（Aquarius)，双鱼座（Pisces），白羊座（Aries)，金牛座（Taurus），双子座（Gemini），巨蟹座（Cancer)，狮子座（Leo），处女座（Virgo），天秤座（Libra)，天蝎座（Scorpio)，人马座（Sagittarius)，摩羯座（Capricorn）。confer 意为赠予；授予；给予，其同义词涉及：give,bestow,invest等。也可表达协商，互换意见，其同义词涉及advise,consult,parley等。stamina意为毅力，持久力，精力，即physical or moral stren

14、gth。conceive 基本上有两个意思，即构思或怀孕。Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if

15、he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and af

16、ter about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”58岁的安德斯埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学专家，他说，他坚信“以上各项都不是”这一猜测。在瑞典长大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他结识到，假如他转向心理学领域，他将会有更多机会从事自己的研究。他的初次实验是在大约30年以前进行的，与记忆相关：训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，然后复述这些数字。“在通过大约20小时的训练之后，第一个实验对象（复述）的数字跨度从7个上升到20个，” 埃里克森回忆说。“该实验对象不断进步，在接受大约200个小时的训练后，他复述

17、的数字已经达成80多个。”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abil

18、ities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather

19、, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆自身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上也许存在如何的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人如何恰本地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。埃里克森确信，了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的故意练习过程。故意练习需要的不仅仅是简朴地反复一个任务。相反

20、，它涉及拟定明确的目的、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的浓缩。coupled with 加上， 外加intuitive adj.直觉的cognitive adj.认知的, 结识的, 有感知的【例】a childs cognitive development小孩结识能力的发展swamp v. 使陷入困境【例】be swamped by heavy debts 债台高筑；The horse was swamped in the mud. 马陷入泥潭。A big wave swamped the boat.一个大浪淹没了小船。I am swamped with work.我工作忙得不可开交。delib

21、erate adj.深思熟虑的, 故意的, 预有准备的【例】a deliberate decision 慎重的决定pursuit / n.追求；职业【习】hell-for-leather pursuit 全力追击, 拼命追赶；in pursuit of 追踪, 追求；in hot 4、This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is mor

22、e of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.【译文】 这一成功，以及后来显示记忆自身并非由基因所决定的研究，让埃里克森得到这样的结论，即记忆行为是一种结识练习，而不是一种直觉练习。【析句】 句子虽长，却是一个简朴句，主语是This success，谓语是led，后面接两个宾语，一是Ericsson，一是不定式to conclude。不定式自身接that引导的宾语从句。【讲词】couple 作名词表达(一)对，(一)双；夫妇，作动词表达连接；结合；结婚。to be coupled with意为to be together with。例如：She

23、 coupled her refusal with an explanation.（她解释了拒绝的因素。）genetically determined意为（是）由基因决定的。genetically的名词是gene（基因），形容词是genetic，它们与generate,general,generation等来自同一词根。cognitive 意为认知的，其名词是cognition（认知，认知力）。Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits

24、, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory lbrtri experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. O

25、r, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programmingare nearly always made, not born.因此，埃里克森和他的同事开始研究涉及足球领域在内的广泛领域中专业执行者。他们收集了可以收集的所有资料，不只是表现方面的记录数据和传记具体资料，还涉及他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。他们的研究得出了一个非常令人惊奇的结论我们通常称为天分的特性被高估了。或者，换句话说，专业执行者无论是在记忆还是手术方面，在芭蕾还是计算机编

26、程领域几乎总是培养的，而不是天生的。pursuit 穷追【例】daily pursuits 平常事务；in ones pursuit of happiness 追求幸福statistics n.记录学, 登记表(中频词)assertion n.主张, 断言, 声明【例】stand to ones assertion 坚持已见5、Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert perfo

27、rmers-whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming-are nearly always made, not born.【译文】 他们的工作得出了一个惊人的观点：我们通常称之为天才的特性被高估了。换句话说，在记忆、外科、芭蕾或计算机程序方面的专业人士，他们几乎都是后天努力的结果，并非天生如此。【析句】 第一句是简朴句，冒号后的成分是宾语assertion的同位语，而同位语中又包含一个定语从句修饰the trait。在第二句中，or和put another way是插入语，句子的主干是expert. are. mad

28、e, not born。whether in. programming作定语。【讲词】startling 意为惊人的，令人吃惊的，其同义词有surprising、astonishing、stunning、astounding等。assertion 表达主张；断言；声明。talent 意为天才；才干；才干，注意中文的人才市场，英语应用job market来表达。overrate 高估，其反义词是underrate（低估）。expert 句中的意思是专家的，专业的，expert performers 表达专业人士。made 句中意为通过后天努力而成就的（人）。born 指天生的，如：She is

29、a born star.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned toA stress the importance of professional training.B spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.C introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.（C）D explain why some soccer teams play better than others.21.C例

30、证题。请问提及著名运动员的生日的目的是什么?第一段是一个引子，作用就是为了引出主题，不是为了说明这个例子的。因此一方面就能排除选项B和选项D，由于都出现了soccer，而选项A中的“professional training”是文中未提及的信息。很明显和主题相关的就是C“引出文章的主题”。该类题型也是近两年每年必考的题型，考生只要注意答案只和主题相关。22.The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably meansA fun.B craze.C hysteria.（B）D excitement.22.B词义题。请问mania在文中的意思

31、是什么?一方面返回原文，在上文中找到soccer-mad和soccer mania正好相应，因此应当找一个mad的同义词。选项A fun没有疯狂的意思;选项Chysteria解释为歇斯底里，明显带有贬义，不符合原文意境;选项D excitement只是兴奋,没有达成疯狂的限度。因此选B craze。23.According to Ericsson, good memoryA depends on meaningful processing of information.B results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.C is d

32、etermined by genetic rather than psychological factors.（A）D requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.23.A细节事实题。根据Ericsson的观点，好的记忆如何?根据题干中的memory，返回原文第四段。选项B“源于直觉而不是感觉”与原文四段首句“是感觉而不是直觉”相反;选项C“基因而不是心理因素决定”与第四段首句“不是由基因决定”相反;选项D中的“high degree”是文中未提及的信息。选项A“取决于有目的性的信息过程”相应文中第四段第三句Er

33、icsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice有目的性的练习过程”。 根据科学家埃瑞克森的研究“好记忆”应是“后天的培养”（cognitive exercise）故意识地去练习而非“先天的天生”(intuitive one先天的本能)。而后天的培养是指对信息进行故意义的“编码记忆”（注：有点像“联想记忆”）。故应选A：对信息进行故意义的加工解决！B和C均谈的是先天因素，错！至于D仅谈到了总结反馈和高度集中，不够完整。24.D细节事实题。请问Ericsson和其同事的观点是什么?选项A“天赋是获得职业成功的重要因素”与原

34、文末段第三句“我们通常对天赋估计过高”矛盾;选项B属于以偏概全，选项中的biographical data只是其中的一个部分，而不能理解为选项中的“key决定性因素”;选项C属于单词的替换，文章中出现的是Overrate过高估计，而选项换成“overlook忽视”，与原文意思不符。选项D“成功归功于训练”相应原文的末句“好的表现是自己努力的而不是天生的”，D为对的答案。25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?A “Faith will move mountains.”B “One reaps what one sows.”C “Practice makes perfect.”（C）D “Like father, like son.”25.C主旨题。请问文章主题是什么?整篇文章在末尾进行了总结，即成功源于不断的练习，而不是天生具有的。因此选项C“熟能生巧”为对的答案。