2020年电大言语交际平时考核作业1-4参考答案资料必考重点【完整版】.doc

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1、精选电大言语交际平时考核作业1-4参考答案资料小抄电大言语交际平时作业一及答案一、名词解释1言语：是人们所说的话的总和，包括以说话人的意志为转移的个人的组合和实现这些组合所必需的同样是与意志有关的发音行为，即话语和言语行为。2交际主体：从事言语交际活动的个人或团体。特指言语交际参与者中的表达一方。3语言能力：说话人（听话人）所具有的关于他的语言（母语）的知识。4角色：是一个人由其在社会关系中的位置所决定的，拥有相应权利和义务的地位、身份。5交际能力：交际主体恰当地应用语言开展交际活动的能力。二、简答题1简述索绪尔关于“言语活动”过程的几个环节。（参见言语交际学P3）2简述言语交际学的主要任务。

2、（参见言语交际学P37）3简述角色的主要类型。（参见言语交际学P60）4简述如何消除交际主体的角色冲突。（参见言语交际学P73-74）三、辨析题（辨别下列说法是否正确，并说明理由。）1两个人之间说话的行为，可以称作“个人言语行为”。（， 两个人之间说话的行为改为纯属个人的言语行为）2顾客对营业员说：“请给我拿点盐来。”这反映了言语交际的人际功能。（，是行为功能）3语用学与语义学的最大区别在于研究某一语言实例时是否考虑语境。（）4当面对自己的子女时，“父亲”是先赋性角色、活跃性角色、依赖性角色。（）5在具体的言语交际活动中，只有活跃性角色起作用，潜隐性角色不会对交际产生影响。（，潜隐性角色有时也

3、会影响到言语交际活动）6交际主体只有按照经常性角色实施言语行为，才有可能与交际对象达成角色共视，保证言语交际的成功。（，经常性角色改为交际角色）四、材料题（阅读下面的材料，回答后面的问题）1母亲对儿子说：“一定要做一个诚实的人。” 老师在课堂上说：“亚里士多德是最早研究言语交际的学者之一。” 老张和老王相遇。老张：“早上好！今天天气不错啊。”（1）母亲说的话反映了言语交际的何种功能？行为功能（2）老师说的话反映了言语交际的何种功能？认知功能（3）老张说的话反映了言语交际的何种功能？人际功能2一位顾客买了一瓶桔子汁，回家后发现买重复了，到商店退货。 售货员：“不能退！” 顾客：“为什么不能退？”

4、 售货员：“不能退就是不能退，不服气找我们头儿去！” 顾客：“你怎么这种态度？” 售货员：“这态度怎么了？买的时候不琢磨好了，还怨别人！” 顾客：“”。（1）结合“角色期望”的涵义，说明售货员的语言行为做得如何？（参见言语交际学P61-62）（2）结合“角色共视”的涵义，说明售货员与顾客发生矛盾的原因。（参见言语交际学P62）（3）要避免售货员与顾客发生“角色冲突”，请为售货员设计一段合适有效的对话。（参见言语交际学P73）电大言语交际平时作业二及答案一、名词解释1语境：是交际主体进行言语交际活动的环境。2社会文化语境：是与言语交际相关的社会文化背景，可分为文化习俗和社会规范。3话语：是语言运

5、用实例的统称，是由一次交际行为而产生的语言。4话语语境意义：话语在特定语境中体现出来的所指意义，或者说是一段话语在一个特定场合，在此时此地是什么意思。5话语语用意义：交际主体说出这一话语的意图。二、简答题1举例说明语义上下文对言语交际的制约作用。（参见言语交际学P94-101）2举例说明交际双方的亲疏关系对言语交际的制约作用。（参见言语交际学P108-109）3举例说明文化习俗对言语交际的制约作用。（参见言语交际学P114-115）4简述话语语言意义的主要特征。（参见言语交际学P132-133）5举例说明言外行为的五种主要类型。（参见言语交际学P139）三、辨析题（辨别下列说法是否正确，并说明

6、理由。）1语境只有在被交际主体认识和选择之后才能发挥作用。（）2情景语境中的“地点”因素，主要是指交际主体在开展言语交际活动时的地理位置。（，是社会位置）3当交际双方存在客观的尊卑关系时，一般位卑者更少受到这种关系的影响，说话比较自由。（，位卑者改为位尊者）4所有的话语都需要依赖语境才能够获得明确而具体的意义。（，并不是所有的话语都需要依赖语境才能够获得明确而具体的解释，有些话语在任何语境中其意义都是明确而具体的。）5在话语的语音表现中，语调可以用来表示不同的语气和情感，但没有区别意义的作用。（，语调也具有一定的区别意义的作用。）6在话语的衔接中，能够用于句子与句子之间起连接作用的虚词，主要是

7、连词和介词。（，介词改为副词。）四、材料题（阅读下面的材料，回答后面的问题）1有一位青年参加厂里一个同事的婚礼，客人们三五成群，谈笑风生，无非是逸闻趣事、社会新闻之类，这与婚礼的热闹气氛是适合的。他想，别人都那么海阔天空，妙趣横生，自己不讲点什么显得太拘谨。为了显示自己博学多闻，便大讲起社会上刚刚发生的一件凶暴残忍的杀人案，而且有头有尾，绘声绘色，连被害人遭肢解的细节都一点不落。主人家的老太太听着这些直皱眉头，他却毫不理会。事后，老人家一再念叨：“大喜的日子讲这个，真不吉利！”（1）从“时间”和“地点”的角度看，这位青年是如何违背情景语境的制约的？（参见言语交际学P101-103）（2）从“话

8、题”和“文化习俗”的角度讲，这位青年是如何违背语境因素的制约的？（参见言语交际学P104-105，115）（3）根据以上材料，说明作为情景语境构成因素之一的“话题”所具有的特殊性。（参见言语交际学P104-105）2考试前，一个小学生的爸爸跟他说：“我告诉你，这次考试要是不及格，有人要挨打的。”第二天上学，小学生告诉他的老师说：“我可不是吓唬你，我爸爸说了，我这次考试要是不及格，有人要挨打的。”（1）以上材料中，小学生的爸爸用陈述句式实施了一个什么含义的言语行为？这次考试要是不及格，我要打你的。（2）这种通过实施一种言外行为的方式去实施另一种言外行为的现象，被称为什么？间接言语行为（3）以上材

9、料中的小学生为什么会误解他爸爸所说的话语的真实意图？（参见言语交际学P143）电大言语交际平时作业三及答案一、简答题1简述诚实准则和信用准则的要求和二者的区别。（参见言语交际学P172-174）2举例说明命令行为的角色条件。（参见言语交际学P178-179）3简述礼貌原则的各项准则。（参见言语交际学P193）4简述言语交际学中公共道德准则的具体要求。（参见言语交际学P199-205）5简述我国传统的家庭道德观念对言语交际话题的影响。（参见言语交际学P212-213）6简述在言语交际中如何遵循对象安全准则。（参见言语交际学P219-221）二、辨析题（辨别下列说法是否正确，并说明理由。）1并非所

10、有的言外行为都对交际主体的角色有所要求。（，阐述类、承诺类、表达类言外行为并没有十分特别的角色要求，但宣告类言外行为和指令类言外行为中的命令行为对主体的角色条件有十分严格的要求）2在交际主体扮演的角色中，与语言风格相关的主要是主体的经常性角色。（）3会话含义是因为说话人违背合作原则而产生的，其中因违背质量准则而产生的会话含义最为常见。（，质量准则改为关联准则）4语言歧视属于一种行为歧视。（）5言语交际的“安全原则”，关键在于“少说话，少惹祸”。 （，言语交际的安全原则”，关键还不在于少说话，更应当考虑的是“说什么？”“跟谁说？”“在什么地方说？”“用什么方式说？”）6言语交际中提出“地点安全准

11、则”，主要是为了回避和提防潜在的听话人。（）三、材料题（阅读下面的材料，回答后面的问题）1李大婶和王大姐是住在同一个小区的邻居。一天早晨两人在菜场相遇。 李大婶：“哟，王大姐，买菜哪？” 王大姐：“是啊，你瞧都是儿子喜欢吃的。” 李大婶：“你儿子真聪明，学习成绩特别好！” 王大姐：“别提了，淘气死了。”（1）以上王大姐的话语违背了主体规则中的哪两条准则？数量准则和质量准则（2）以上王大姐的后一句话语又符合主体规则中的哪一条准则？礼貌原则中的少贬人扬己的准则（3）请说明以上王大姐的话语既违背主体规则又符合主体规则的原因。在现实言语交际中，一部分违背合作原则的行为是出于礼貌的原因，王大姐想炫耀自己

12、的儿子，又不好意思直说，故而违背了数量准则和质量准则。当面对表扬时，又能够谦虚对待，遵守了礼貌原则中的少贬人扬己准则。21988年上海发生甲肝流行病，很快流言四起，传至周围几个省份。流言说上海这次流行的不是甲型肝炎，而是某种血液病，患者会在715年后复发，又有人说患这种病的人至多活510年。（1）以上材料中所说的“流言”，确切的解释是什么？（2）传播“流言”，违背了言语交际中哪一条原则以及具体的准则？道德原则中的公共道德准则（3）“流言”对社会的危害是什么？如何在言语交际中阻止流言扩散？（参见言语交际学P204-205）四、案例分析题1请运用教材中的相关理论分析下面的案例。一位学生请他以前的哲

13、学教授写一封推荐信，证明他在哲学方面的学历，以此去找一份工作。结果教授是这样写的：亲爱的先生：某某同学的语言运用能力非常出色，并且一贯能够正常上课。违背了合作原则中的关联准则。具体参见言语交际学P1882请运用教材中的相关理论分析下面的案例。1945年，美国在日本投放了两颗原子弹后，美国新闻界都在猜测苏联有没有原子弹以及有多少颗原子弹。当苏联外长莫洛托夫率领一个代表团访问美国时，在下榻的旅馆前被一群美国记者包围了。有位记者问莫洛托夫：“苏联有多少颗原子弹？”莫洛托夫绷着脸仅用一个英语单词回答道：“足够！”符合安全原则中的对象安全准则，有意违背合作原则中的数量准则。具体参见言语交际学P220-2

14、21,184-185电大言语交际平时作业四及答案一、简答题1举例说明汉语普通话词语规范方面当前存在的主要问题。（参见言语交际学P229-230）2简述话语表达中的话内冗赘和话外冗赘现象。（参见言语交际学P241-242）3简述言语交际中幽默的作用及其适用范围。（参见言语交际学P2254-255）4简述言语交际中话语均衡的作用。（参见言语交际学P258）二、辨析题（辨别下列说法是否正确，并说明理由。）1普通话在语法规范方面，没有正式的国家规范和标准。（）2有些有歧义的话语，在特定的语境中可以消除歧义。（）3话语词项的减少体现了表述简洁的要求，如“广播电视大学”简称为“电大”。（）4幽默不同于讽刺

15、，但与“滑稽”其实是一回事儿。（，幽默不像滑稽那样“低级”，幽默必能令人愉悦）5话语的比例均衡，是指话语中相邻的句子在句式上要尽可能保持一致。（，句式改为数字）三、材料题（阅读下面的材料，回答后面的问题）1德国大诗人歌德在魏玛公园与一位批评家相遇，两人都在嘲弄对方。 批评家傲慢地说：“对于一个傻子，我绝不让路。” 歌德听后，微笑着往旁边一让说：“我却让的。”（1）以上歌德回答批评家的话语中，省略了什么？对于一个傻子（2）你认为歌德的话语属于哪一种形式的幽默？超常类比（3）请结合理论分析说明为什么属于这种形式的幽默。（参见言语交际学P251）2当市委书记徐枫在C城根据党的十一届三中全会精神，改革

16、工业布局、招聘人才、开源节流，并对工业体制进行初步改革，在部分工厂开始推行经济责任制，调整领导班子，提拔专业技术人员管理工厂时，他遇到了意想不到的困难。（1）以上话语，可以用审美原则的哪一条准则来衡量？均衡准则（2）从该准则的具体要求看，以上话语的问题在哪里？比例不均衡，状语太长（3）请修改以上话语，使之符合该准则的要求。市委书记徐枫在C城根据党的十一届三中全会精神，改革工业布局、招聘人才、开源节流，并对工业体制进行初步改革，在部分工厂开始推行经济责任制，调整领导班子，提拔专业技术人员管理工厂。这时，他遇到了意想不到的困难。四、案例分析题1请运用教材中的相关理论分析下面的案例。中国古代有一位雄

17、辩家晏子，曾经用话语救了一个人的性命。事情发生在齐国。齐景公爱打猎，让人养了许多老鹰和猎犬。又一次，负责养老鹰的烛邹不小心让一只鹰飞走了，齐景公大怒，下令把烛邹推出斩首。晏子听说后立即拜见齐景公说：“烛邹有三大罪状，不能轻饶了他。让我先数说他的罪状再杀吧！”齐景公答应了。晏子就当着齐景公的面，指着烛邹说：“烛邹！你替大王养鸟，却让鸟飞走，这是第一条罪状；你使大王为了一只鸟的缘故而要杀人，这是第二条罪状；把你杀了，让天下诸侯都知道我们大王重鸟轻士，这是第三条罪状。”数说完毕，对齐景公说：“现在杀了他吧。”齐景公说：“别杀了，我明白你的意思了。”符合审美原则中的含蓄准则，属“言有尽而意无穷”式的含

18、蓄。具体参见言语交际学P244，248-249。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！【Chinas 10 must-see animations】The Chinese animation industry has seen considerable growth in the last several years. It went through a golden age in the late 1970s and 1980s when successively brilliant animation work was produced. Here are 10 must-see classi

19、cs from Chinas animation outpouring that are not to be missed. Lets recall these colorful images that brought the country great joy. Calabash Brothers Calabash Brothers (Chinese: 葫芦娃) is a Chinese animation TV series produced byShanghaiAnimationFilmStudio. In the 1980s the series was one of the most

20、 popular animations in China. It was released at a point when the Chinese animation industry was in a relatively downed state compared to the rest of the international community. Still, the series was translated into 7 different languages. The episodes were produced with a vast amount of paper-cut a

21、nimations. Black Cat Detective Black Cat Detective (Chinese: 黑猫警长) is a Chinese animation television series produced by the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is sometimes known as Mr. Black. The series was originally aired from 1984 to 1987. In June 2006, a rebroadcasting of the original series was

22、 announced. Critics bemoan the series violence, and lack of suitability for childrens education. Proponents of the show claim that it is merely for entertainment. Effendi Effendi, meaning sir andteacher in Turkish, is the respectful name for people who own wisdom and knowledge. The heros real name w

23、as Nasreddin. He was wise and witty and, more importantly, he had the courage to resist the exploitation of noblemen. He was also full of compassion and tried his best to help poor people. Adventure of Shuke and Beita【舒克与贝塔】 Adventure of Shuke and Beita (Chinese: 舒克和贝塔) is a classic animation by Zhe

24、ng Yuanjie, who is known as King of Fairy Tales in China. Shuke and Beita are two mice who dont want to steal food like other mice. Shuke became a pilot and Beita became a tank driver, and the pair met accidentally and became good friends. Then they befriended a boy named Pipilu. With the help of Pi

25、Pilu, they co-founded an airline named Shuke Beita Airlines to help other animals. Although there are only 13 episodes in this series, the content is very compact and attractive. The animation shows the preciousness of friendship and how people should be brave when facing difficulties. Even adults r

26、ecalling this animation today can still feel touched by some scenes. Secrets of the Heavenly Book Secrets of the Heavenly Book, (Chinese: 天书奇谈)also referred to as Legend of the Sealed Book or Tales about the Heavenly Book, was released in 1983. The film was produced with rigorous dubbing and fluid c

27、ombination of music and vivid animations. The story is based on the classic literature Ping Yao Zhuan, meaning The Suppression of the Demons by Feng Menglong. Yuangong, the deacon, opened the shrine and exposed the holy book to the human world. He carved the books contents on the stone wall of a whi

28、te cloud cave in the mountains. He was then punished with guarding the book for life by the jade emperor for breaking heavens law. In order to pass this holy book to human beings, he would have to get by the antagonist fox. The whole animation is characterized by charming Chinesepainting, including

29、pavilions, ancient architecture, rippling streams and crowded markets, which fully demonstrate the unique beauty of Chinas natural scenery. Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf【喜洋洋与灰太狼】 Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (Chinese:喜羊羊与灰太狼) is a Chinese animated television series. The show is about a group of g

30、oats living on the Green Pasture, and the story revolves around a clumsy wolf who wants to eat them. It is a popular domestic animation series and has been adapted intomovies. Nezha Conquers the Dragon King（Chinese: 哪吒闹海）is an outstanding animation issued by the Ministry of Culture in 1979 and is ba

31、sed on an episode from the Chinese mythological novel Fengshen Yanyi. A mother gave birth to a ball of flesh shaped like a lotus bud. The father, Li Jing, chopped open the ball, and beautiful boy, Nezha, sprung out. One day, when Nezha was seven years old, he went to the nearby seashore for a swim a

32、nd killed the third son of the Dragon King who was persecuting local residents. The story primarily revolves around the Dragon Kings feud with Nezha over his sons death. Through bravery and wit, Nezha finally broke into the underwater palace and successfully defeated him. The film shows various kind

33、s of attractive sceneries and the traditional culture of China, such as spectacular mountains, elegant sea waves and exquisite ancient Chinese clothes. It has received a variety of awards. Havoc in Heaven The story of Havoc in Heaven（Chinese: 大闹天宫）is based on the earliest chapters of the classic sto

34、ryJourney to the West. The main character is Sun Wukong, aka the Monkey King, who rebels against the Jade Emperor of heaven. The stylized animation and drums and percussion accompaniment used in this film are heavily influenced byBeijingOpera traditions. The name of the movie became a colloquialism

35、in the Chinese language to describe someone making a mess. Regardless that it was an animated film, it still became one of the most influential films in all of Asia. Countless cartoon adaptations that followed have reused the same classic story Journey to the West, yet many consider this 1964 iterat

36、ion to be the most original, fitting and memorable, The Golden Monkey Defeats a Demon【金猴降妖】 The Golden Monkey Defeats a Demon (Chinese: 金猴降妖), also referred as The Monkey King Conquers the Demon, is adapted from chapters of the Chinese classics Journey to the West, or Monkey in the Western world. Th

37、e five-episode animation series tells the story of Monkey King Sun Wukong, who followed Monk Xuan Zangs trip to the West to take the Buddhistic sutra. They met a white bone evil, and the evil transformed human appearances three times to seduce the monk. Twice Monkey King recognized it and brought it

38、 down. The monk was unable to recognize the monster and expelled Sun Wukong. Xuan Zang was then captured by the monster. Fortunately Bajie, another apprentice of Xuan Zang, escaped and persuaded the Monkey King to come rescue the monk. Finally, Sun kills the evil and saves Xuan Zang. The outstanding

39、 animation has received a variety of awards, including the 6th Hundred Flowers Festival Award and the Chicago International Childrens Film Festival Award in 1989. McDull【麦兜】 McDull is a cartoon pig character that was created inHong Kongby Alice Mak and Brian Tse. Although McDull made his first appea

40、rances as a supporting character in the McMug comics, McDull has since become a central character in his own right, attracting a huge following in Hong Kong. The first McDull movie McMug Story My Life as McDull documented his life and the relationship between him and his mother.The McMug Story My Life as McDull is also being translated into French and shown in France. In this version, Mak Bing is the mother of McDull, not his father. -可编辑修改-