阅读理解之词意推断与代词指代.pptx

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1、阅读理解阅读理解词意推断与代词指代词义猜测是什么？词义猜测是什么？词义猜测是指在阅读中根据对语篇的信息，背景，知识，语言结构等的综合理解，去猜测或推断某一生词的意思。此外，猜测是一种非常有用的阅读技巧，掌握这些技巧后，考生能够很快地运用其推断出词义，从而提高阅读速度和能力。如何做好词义猜测题？如何做好词义猜测题？要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握普通高中英语课程标准中规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累词汇，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心。还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。提问方式提问方式1.The word“”refers to/pro

2、bably means_.2.By saying that“.”in the first(second.)paragraph,the author means that _.3.The underlined word“.”can be best replaced by“_”提问方式提问方式4.The meaning of“.”in Paragraph.is related to _.5.Which of the following has the closest meaning to.(Paragraph.)？6.“”as used in the passage can be best def

3、ined as _.提问方式提问方式7.The underlined sentence in the.paragraph probably means that _.8.Which of the following words can take the place of the word“”方法方法1）通过选项中词汇的词性判断划线单词的词性（目的是确定与这个词相关的成分）2）观察原文该词附近是否有连接词（说明前后的逻辑关系）、破折号或同位语结构（解释说明的作用）3）如果划线部分是一个句子，那么该句前或后通常有一个句子与它的意义几乎一样或有强烈的逻辑关系Definition Definition

4、 定义法来猜词义定义法来猜词义作者常常会通过标点符号：破折号（）、冒号（：）、分号（；）后的内容，引号（“”）或括号中的内容等方式进行解释说明，定义法通常会采用的谓语动词有：be,mean,refer to,be called/named,be defined as,represent,be considered 等。有的也会采用定语从句（尤其注意which 后的非限制性定语从句）和同位语从句，以帮助考生理解词义。此类猜词题尤其在一些科普类或说明类文章中出现。The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley”o

5、f autonomous vehicles(自动驾驶车辆):the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.What does the phrase“death valley”in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.A place where cars often break down.B.A case where passing a law is impossible.C.An area where no driving i

6、s permitted.D.A situation where drivers role is not clear.冒号后面的内容是对death valley的解释：death valley指的是半自动驾驶和全自动驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带(界限不明，难以界定的领域)，即“驾驶员角色不明确的部分”，故选D项。利用同位或列举来猜词义利用同位或列举来猜词义同位标志词：or,similarly,that is to say,in other words,namely 等列举标志词：for example,for instance,such as,like,includingI am Peter Hode

7、s,a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March 2012,Ive done 89 trips of those,51 have been abroad.I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last.In all,from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can

8、be implanted in the patient,weve got 72 hours at most.So I am always conscious of time.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier”in Paragraph 1?Aprovider Bdelivery man Ccollector Dmedical doctor“a volunteer stem cell courier”是“Peter Hodes”的同位语；根据文中“I have 42 hours to carry stem

9、cells(干细胞)in my little box”可知，Peter Hodes的任务就是将捐献者捐献的干细胞运送给需要的病人，即作者是干细胞递送员。利用逻辑关系猜测词义利用逻辑关系猜测词义常见的逻辑关系有转折对比关系，比较并列关系，因果关系，下面逐一分析。（1）转折对比关系：根据画线词的反义词猜测词义转折词：but,however,otherwise,though对比词：unlike,in contrast,while,on the other hand,rather than,instead ofGray wolves once were seen here and there in t

10、he Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States,but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s,wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada,where there were fewer humans around.What does the un

11、derlined word“displaced”in paragraph 2 mean?A.tested B.separated.C.forced out.D.tracked down.画线词的前一分句说“曾经灰狼在黄石地区和大部分美洲大陆上随处可见”，由but话锋一转，“但是由于人类的发展，它们渐渐地_”。渐渐地怎么了？由后句可知“到20世纪20年代灰狼在黄石地区几乎消失了，它们去了人口稀少的加拿大森林了”，可见灰狼是因人类的发展而“被迫离开(forced out)”美国大陆去了更远的北方加拿大，利用逻辑关系猜测词义利用逻辑关系猜测词义常见的逻辑关系有转折对比关系，比较并列关系，因果关系，下

12、面逐一分析。（2）比较并列关系：根据画线词的近义词猜测词义标志词：similarly,like,or,just as,and also,as well as,the same as,asas,and等“The Yongle Emperor improved the porcelain techniques and elevated the importance of porcelain from being an ordinary bowl into a true work of art.This small bowl has both practical and artistic value

13、,”McAteer said.What does the underlined word“elevated”in Paragraph 6 probably mean?Aforesaw.Bpromoted.Cassessed.Dacknowledged.根据第六段第一句中的“The Yongle Emperor improved the porcelain techniques”（永乐皇帝改进了制瓷技术）和下文的“from being an ordinary bowl into a true work of art.（从普通的碗变成真正的艺术品。）。当然利用关键词“and”可知，elevate

14、和improve意思一致，此处是指提高了瓷器的重要性，所以elevated意为“提高”。故选B。利用逻辑关系猜测词义利用逻辑关系猜测词义常见的逻辑关系有转折对比关系，比较并列关系，因果关系，下面逐一分析。（3）根据因果关系猜测词义表原因：because,because of,for,since,as a result of表结果：so,therefore,so that,so/such that ,lead to,result in,contribute to根据上下文语境和线索猜测词义根据上下文语境和线索猜测词义利用上下文提供的语境和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，从而推断词义，这是近几年考试重

15、点，这种题型更能检查学生英语综合能力。That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance,including sending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the r

16、ail infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts.What does“maintenance”underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A.personnel safety.B.assistance from drones.C.inspection and repair.D.construction of infrastructure.根据第三段第二句 sending maintenance staff

17、 to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.可知maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项Inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。因此答案为C。根据构词法猜测词义根据构词法猜测词义通常的词形变化有名词动化，动词名化以及形容词动化。此外，派生词也是帮助猜测词义的有效方法之一。我们常用的反义前缀有：un-,im-,dis-,il-等，反义后缀有：-less，改变词性后缀的有：-ful,-ly,-ment,-ness等。当然合成词有时也会对我们猜词大有裨益。Baker concludes t

18、hat people do not have the ability to sense when theyre being stared at.If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments,said Baker,“I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.”The underlined word“outcome”in the last paragraph most probably means.A.value B.result C.performance D.

19、connection运用“构词法”进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为“露出、出现、显露出”。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果，因此答案为B。代词指代是什么？代词指代是什么？代词词意的猜测即找出人称代词，指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。对于代词所指代的内容的判断，首先我们要连读前后段落，了解前后两段文章的内容，然后判断所划线代词的类型，接下来仔细阅读前句，一般来说代词的词义推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词，及相当于名词的表达。代词指代做题步骤代词指代做题步骤第一步：明确代词所指代内容的位置第二步：熟悉代词的含义第三步：替换核实再比较（1）用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，

20、核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。（2）比较所找部分与选项，确定意思最接近的选项。1.通过代词本身判断它所指代的名词单复数2.回到原文判断这个代词指代的是人还是物还是事3.通常从划线代词位置向前找离它最近的符合上述要求的名词、短语或句子4.个别情况下（尤其是it作形式主语或形式宾语的情况）可能需要向后找5.找到后把这个名词代入代词所在的位置，根据句意进行进一步判断For example,a bird called the bar-tailed godwit migrates from its breeding grounds in the Arctic.It flies all the wa

21、y to Australia and New Zealand.The problem,according to investigators,is that many of these small birds die along their migration because they dont have a safe place to eat and rest.There is no place to restore their energy for the next part of their journey.“They simply perish along the way,”says o

22、ne of the scientists.题：Which of he following is closet in meaning to the underlined word“perish”in the paragraph?A.ContinueB.DieC.SettleD.Migrate首先通过选项可以判断划线单词为动词，回到原文发现该动词有 along the way 这个状语成分修饰，因此我们在前文找到相同的地点状语修饰 many of these small birds die along their migration 可知这种鸟类会在迁徙途中因为没有吃东西和休息的地方会导致死亡。故

23、选BThe cleaner wrasse(濑鱼)lives on coral reefs and provides a service by biting parasites(寄生虫)off the scales of bigger fish gently a delicate relationship that may require insights into the minds of its clients.Such“theory of mind”has long been seen as another cornerstone of human mental superiority.T

24、he possibility that fish possess it is not,however,the only threat to our human exceptionalism(例外主义).It may not be long before computers give us a run for our money,too.题：The underlined part in this paragraph probably means().A.bring us huge profitsB.cost us a lot of moneyC.have great control over u

25、sD.challenge human exceptionalism由划线句后的too 可知，前文有与划线短语内容相近的事例，根据本段倒数第二句中的 is not the only threat to our human exceptionalism 可知鱼类拥有自我意识的可能性威胁了人类例外主义理论。With the right amount of CNFs mixed in,the dessert lasted longer in its frozen state than the traditional ice cream,extending the amount of time the

26、treat can be enjoyed.What was even more exciting was that the fiber increased the stickiness of the low-fat ice cream to levels higher than the full-fat one.Since this is what determines the frozen treats creaminess and taste,CNFs could help create the healthier ice cream without influencing the tas

27、te of it.题：What does the underlined word“it”in this paragraph?A.The ice creamB.The fiberC.The fatD.The stickiness根据划线代词所在句可知，CNFs 可以在不影响冰淇淋的口感同时让它更加健康。故选 A。1.I got to know you as I volunteered in the lunch room.You made sure your students were all ready for lunch before you went on your own lunch br

28、eak.You kept track of their big things and small things,because as a veteran kindergarten teacher,you made each student feel special.You helped them fall in love with school,which is so important at the start.题：What does the underlined word“veteran”in this paragraph mean?A.Beautiful B.Generous C.Ski

29、llful D.Humorous首先根据选项可以判断划线单词为形容词，在原文中该形容词修饰幼儿园老师，又通过上下文内容得知这个老师在工作过程中把学生照顾的很好，C选项 skillful有技巧的符合题意。2.One area where sharing would speed up the development of a safety standard is“edge cases”rare events that tax the capabilities（能力）of autonomous systems,such as unexpected behavior by other drivers,

30、plastic bags blowing in front of a vehicle and so on.Because such events occur occasionally,and computers lack common sense to decide how to respond,training AVs to handle edge cases is hard.But by sharing with each other data from edge cases that have actually happened,AV firms can test their syste

31、ms in simulator（模拟装置）to see how they would respond,and adjust them where needed,benefiting from each others experience.题：What do“edge cases”in this paragraph refer to?A.Vital（重要的）situations B.Common situations C.Infrequent situations D.Emergency situations由文中“edge cases”后的破折号可知，破折号后的内容 rare events(稀

32、有事件)就是对“edge cases”的解释，C选项infrequent situations 不经常发生的情况符合题意。3.Stuck in a lift?These holes can help you.Yes,that tiny hole you see on the lift door.It might just save your life.Say the lift you are in stops at a floor and the doors dont open.It could be a power failure or an equipment conk-out.But g

33、etting out isnt easy.Lifts are equipped with lots of features to prevent the doors from opening freely or when they are between floors.题：What does the underlined word“conk-out”in this paragraph mean?A.Upgrade B.Repair C.Breakdown D.Check根据文中划线单词前的连词 or 可知，划线单词 conk-out 与 failure 意思相近，C选项故障符合题意。故选C。4

34、.Since the 1980s,however,people have achieved some of these observable milestones at later ages.Increased access to education has delayed young people leaving home and developing romantic relationships.Economic changes have also resulted in unstable employment markets and increases in cost of living

35、,prompting many young people to remain at home and dependent on parents.题：What does the underlined word probably mean?A.Encouraging B.Advising C.Forbidding D.Persuading根据句子结构可知，划线单词在句中作结果状语，即前后有因果关系。根据前半句中经济改变导致不稳定的就业市场和生活成本的增加这个原因可以推测出结果是促使年轻人待在家里依靠父母，A选项encouraging 促使符合题意。5.Besides,language learni

36、ng apps also create an environment where mistakes are only known to the users,and this can address the performance anxiety that many learners suffer from when asked to speak a foreign language.So language teachers should encourage their students to use them to do the grammar work,leaving precious cl

37、ass time for more language communication.题：Which of the following can probably replace the underlined word“address”?A.Deal with B.Write down C.Turn to D.Speak of首先根据选项可知划线单词为动词，再根据文中这个动词的主语 this language learning apps can create an environment where mistakes are only known to the users 和宾语 anxiety 可

38、知，语言学习app 能够为用户提供一个安全的学习环境这件事情能够解决用户的焦虑问题。故选A6.A key feature of social media,however,is its volatility.Trends come and go,disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared.So,what were the key social media trends of 2018?题：The underlined word“volatility”possibly means“being()”.A.Changeable B.Steady C.

39、Promising D.Violent首先根据选项得知化划线单词为形容词，修饰社交媒体的特点，再根据文中划线单词后一句 trends come and go,disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared 可知，社交媒体的特点是趋势来了又走，消失的和出现的速度一样快，A选项变化的符合题意。7.Despite the negative international headlines that have hit Huawei over the past few months,its customer business continues to thr

40、ive.The Chinese technology giant replaced Apple as the second largest smartphone player by global market share last year.Its firmly the biggest vendor（销售商）in China.题：What does the underlined word“thrive”probably mean?A.Reduce B.Remain C.Threaten D.Increase首先根据划线单词所在句子中的despite(意为尽管，表示弱转折)可知，主句与从句之间关

41、系相反，故根据从句中的negative(消极的)一词可以推测出thrive 应该是积极意义的词，再根据后文中的second largest smartphone player 和 the biggest vendor 可知，D选项增长符合题意。8.The cleanup system also comes with lights powered by the sun,cameras,and other special devices（设备）,so the system can communicate its position at all times.That way a support sh

42、ip can find it every few months to remove the plastic that has been collected.题：Which does the underlined word“it”refer to?A.The support ship B.The floating barriersC.The plastic to be recycled D.The position of special devices首先根据代词it本身可知其指代单数概念，故可首先排除B 选项，再根据句意可知，it 指代前文提及的position。故选D9.A few year

43、s ago,after I finished a report on a tight deadline,I continued to be just as busy.I entered my social media accounts when I should have been working.I checked new emails constantly.I felt guilty when I wasnt busy,and I alleviated this guilt by filling my time with busy work.题：Which of the following

44、 can best explain“alleviated”underlined in this paragraph?A.Forgot B.Researched C.Deepened D.Eased首先根据选项可知划线单词为动词，且有by filling my time with busy work 这个方式状语进行修饰，由前半句可知，当我不忙的时候我会有愧疚感，因此可以推断我通过让自己忙起来的方式去减轻这种愧疚感。故选D。10.For the past two years I have been travelling and living abroad.Home has become more

45、 of a feeling than a place.I feel at home when I am with my family in London,but I also feel at home in Italy with my friends I love.Home is no longer a picture of a house with a front door and some windows.It is more complicated than that.题：What does the underlined word“It”refer to?A.Family B.Livin

46、g abroad C.Home D.Staying with friends根据本句中的 more complicated 这个比较级可知，it 指代前文讨论的内容,从文中可知前一句在讨论家的概念，因此 it 指代的是 home。故选C。11.Oyserman and Lewis decided to try to find a way to make“Present Me”imagine exactly how“Feature Me”would feel the night before a big paper was due,though“Present Me”hadnt started

47、yet.They made“Present Me”think about a far-off event a number of days away,not months or years.Thinking about events in this way meant that something like a friends wedding seemed 16.3 days sooner when considered in days rather than months and 11.4 months sooner when considered in months rather than

48、 years.题：The underlined part“this way”refers to().A.Setting up tough deadlines B.Following schedules strictly C.Counting in smaller units of time D.Imagining how your future self will be根据文章可知 in this way 指代上文提及的方法，因此答案在其上一段，再根据上一段的最后一句话可知，他们以天为单位为不是月或年为单位去思考一个事件，C选项用更小的事件单位去计数符合题意。故选C。12.“Now that

49、we have recorded and documented Inuit knowledge of snow geese,”says Ron,“when facing the crisis other people will be able to use the information to help manage the species,which is fundamental to dealing with it effectively.”题：What does the underlined word“it”refer to?A.The species B.Inuit knowledge

50、 C.The crisis D.Inuit research根据句意可知，当面临危机时，其他人将能够利用这些信息来管理这个物种，这是有效解决危机的基础。故选C13.Nicole Smith,an economist,notes that with the rise of artificial intelligence,companies producing these intelligent machines need help teaching them how to think more like and interact with human beings.They need help