大豆简介(英文ppt课件).ppt

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1、SoybeansPresentedby:SamanthaPrivratskyFood,CultureandAgricultureSpring2010Soybeans:TodaysTopicsThe Plant-Origin-ChemicalComposition-Morphology-Maturity-GrowthTypesHistory-MovementfromOrigin-U.S.andWorldProduction-GMOsoybeans-ProcessingCultivation/Pest Control-Growingseason-Nitrogenfixture-MainPestsa

2、ndpesticidesSoy Products-Cattlefeed,oils,plastics,paints,inks,pesticidesHealth Benefits-Lowerscholesterol-Completeprotein-ReducebreastcancerHealth Risks-Allergies-Toxicpesticides/chemicals-Rawsoybeanstoxicity-Reducespermcount-IncreaseriskcancerThePlant:KeypointsScientificname:Glycine maxMemberofthel

3、egumefamily40%protein,20%fat,35%carbohydratesOriginatedfromChinaThePlant:OriginFamilyFactsSoybeanGlycine max(L.)MerrillWildrelative:Glycine sojaMostlikelytheancestorofGlycine maxOtherrelativesinChina,Korea,Russia,Japan,Taiwan,andAustraliaMemberoftheLegumeFamilyAlfalfaPeasDrybeansThePlant:OriginSoybe

4、anhashadmanynames:SoyaBeanSojaBeanChinesePeaManchurianbeanJapanpeaJapanbeanJapanfodderplantThePlant:ChemicalComposition40%protein;20%fat;35%carbohydrates;5%ashCompleteprotein:containallessentialaminoacids1cupofgreen,rawsoybeansincludes:376calories;19gfat;38mgsodium(2%DV);11gfiber;33gprotein;50%DVCal

5、cium;50%DVIronCopyright2010SchoolNutritionFoundation.AllRightsReserved.www.schoolnutrition.orgThe Plant:Chemical CompositionProtein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score(PDCAAS)is a scoring system created to analyze the quality of a protein.ProteinQualityScale:AminoAcidContentThePlant:OriginsTheP

6、lant:OriginsCHINAJAPANKOREARUSSIAMONGOLIAManchuriaTo be more specific,soybeans came from Manchuria,a region of China.ThePlant:OriginMedicinalvaluesin450A.D.HeartLiverKidneysStomachBowelsLungsYellow&GreenSeedIncreasedlungpowerImprovedcomplexionBlackSeedUsedinfoodsFedtohorsesbeforealongjourneySoybeans

7、 were believed to be good for the organs listed.Different seed colors were claimed to have different benefits to human health.ThePlant:PhysicalCharacteristicsAnnualUprightarchitectureHeightvariesfrom7.9in.6.6ft.TrifoliateleavesFlowersfromauxiliarybudsSeedsinpods(2to3seeds/pod)ThePlant:Maturity:KeyPo

8、intsSoybeansarephotosensitive(i.e.requiresacertaindaylengthforflowerinitiation)Currentcultivarsaredividedinto13maturitygroups(MGIIIandMGIVaregrowninOhio)Temperature,physiologicalage,anddaylengthinteracttoaffectsoybeans.ThePlantMaturity:PhotosensitivitySoybeansarephotosensitiveBegintoproduceflowerswh

9、enacriticaldarkperiodisreached(daylength)DaylengthvarieswithlatitudeSoybeansweredividedintotypesorgroupsaccordingtotheirphotosensitivityMaturity:MaturityGroups1818:W.J.Morsewasfirsttodividesoybeansintophotosensitivegroups(3groups)Late,mediumandmediumlate,andveryearly1925:Morseexpandedhisgroupingto51

10、949:Morseexpandedhisgroupingto9MG0toMGVIIISoybeansarenowdividedinto13groupsMG000toMGXMaturityGroupsMGAreas GrownEARLY00NorthernMinnesota,CanadaMATURING0NorthernMichiganICentralMichiganIISouthernMichiganIIICentralOhioIVSouthernOhio,NorthernKentuckyVSouthernKentucky,NorthernTennesseeVISouthernTennesse

11、e,NorthernGeorgiaLATEVIICentralGeorgiaMATURINGVIIISouthernGeorgia,FloridaThePlant:FactorsAffectingMaturity-interactionsSoybeansareaffectedbyTemperaturePhysiologicalageDaylengthThePlantGrowthTypes:KeyPointsIndeterminateDeterminateGrowthTypesIndeterminateflowersandsetpodswhilecontinuingtogrowvegetativ

12、elyDeterminateaddsmuchlessvegetativemassafterfloweringbeginsGrowthTypesIndeterminateTypicallygrownnorthofthe37thnorthparallel(aboutLexington,KY)MG00throughIVareinthisareaDeterminateTypicallygrownsouthofthe37thparallelThesetypesrequiremorelightforfloweringOriginallyinsouthbecauseoftheirabilitytoprodu

13、ceadequateforageThePlant:SummaryAnnual,upright,trifoliateleaves,seedsinpodsMaturityGroupsbasedonphotosensitivity13groupscurrentlyTwogrowthtypes:IndeterminateDeterminateSoybeans:TodaysTopicsThe Plant-Origin-ChemicalComposition-Morphology-Maturity-GrowthTypesHistory-MovementfromOrigin-U.S.andWorldProd

14、uction-GMOsoybeans-ProcessingCultivation/Pest Control-Growingseason-Nitrogenfixture-MainPestsandpesticidesSoy Products-Cattlefeed,oils,plastics,paints,inks,pesticidesHealth Benefits-Lowerscholesterol-Completeprotein-ReducebreastcancerHealth Risks-Allergies-Toxicpesticides/chemicals-Rawsoybeanstoxici

15、ty-Reducespermcount-IncreaseriskcancerSoybean FutureHistorySoybeanMovementfromOrigin:KeyPointsUsedinChinabeforerecordedhistoryBroughttoU.S.beforeU.S.acountryMoreknowledgeaboutsoybeanagronomicsandprocessingincreasedtheirproductionkeyeventshelpeddevelopthesoybeanindustrywar,technology,weather,governme

16、ntprogramSoybeanHistory:MovementfromOrigin1Before Recorded HistoryA lot of time passes17121740ExportedfromChinatoManchuriaNothinghappenedIntroducedtoEuropebybotanistEnglebertKaempferMissionariesinChinasentsoybeanstoFrance(attemptstoCultivatefailed)1765177618041812SamuelBowmanintroducessoybeantoNorth

17、America(Savannah,Georgia)DeclarationofIndependencePennsylvaniarecommendsthatfarmersgrowsoybeansWarof1812ChadLee,GrainCropExtensionHistoryHistory:MovementfromOrigin21829185418731898SoybeangrowninMass.(“luxurycropforsoysauce”)TwosoybeancultivarsgiventoU.S.CommissionerofPatents“Mammothyellow”:earliestc

18、ultivargrowninU.S.USDAbeganorganizedintroductionstoU.S.1903190719371941FordMotorCompanyStarted20cultivarscollectedinU.S.10,000introductionswith2,500differenttypesJapanesebombPearlHarborChadLee,GrainCropExtensionHistory3History:MovementfromOriginThreeadvancesintheknowledgeofsoybean.1905:Commercialino

19、culantavailableinU.S.Germany:discoveredthatlegumesfixatmosphericnitrogen(N)whenrootsarenodulatedbyRhizobiabacteria.(MassachusettsExperimentStationsupportedthesefindings).1917:properlyheatedsoybeanmealwassuperiortounheatedmeal1920:understandingof“photoperiodsensitivity”ofsoybeantodaylengthSoybeansnee

20、dacertainperiodofdaylengthtotriggerflowerproduction.Flowerproductionisnecessaryforfeedproduction.3As early as 1923,agricultural scientists were predicting big things for soybeans in the USA.The following is taken from:Piper and Morse.1923.The Soybean.THE SOYBEANCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONThere is a wide a

21、nd growing belief that the soybean1(Fig.1)is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the United StatesSoybeanHistoryHistory:KeyEventstoDevelopingtheSoybeanIndustry1.WorldWarII2.MachinePower3.DustBowl4.NewDeal5.Biotechnology1.WorldWarIIGermanypromotedsoybeanproductioninRumaniaandBulgariaa

22、ndguaranteedprices.375,000bushelsin19345.5millionbushelsin1941TheUnitedStatesincreasedproductionforwartimeproductssuchasfats,oils,andoilseedmeal.78millionbushelsin1940192millionbushelsin19452.MachinePowerTractorsreplacedthehorseSoybeansreplacedoatsandcorngrownforfeed-85%oftheworldssoybeancropprocess

23、edintomealandvegetableoilforuseinanimalfeed.5.DustBowlDroughtsof1934and1936SoybeansweremoredroughttolerantthancornFarmersswitchedsomeacrestosoybeanstooff-settheirrisk6.NewDealGreatDepression:lowcornpricesFranklinD.RooseveltattemptedtohelpcornpricesbycontrollingthenumberofacresgrownNoacreagecontrolsp

24、lacedonsoybeansFarmerswhohadreachedtheirlimitoncornswitchedtosoybeansSoybeanHistory:OverallConceptsSoybean(Glycinemax)originatedinChina.Improvementsinagronomicsandprocessinggeneratedmoreproduction.Wars,weather,machineryandgovernmentrapidlyincreasedsoybeanacres.U.S.istheleaderinsoybeanproduction,with

25、Brazil,Argentina,andChinafollowing.Mostsoybeansareprocessedintooilandproteinforfoodandfeed.HistorySoybeanProduction:KeyPointsUnitedStatesleadstheworldinsoybeanproduction.Brazil,Argentina,andChinafollowtheU.S.inworldproduction.ControlledbysixMerchantsofGrain:Cargill,Continental(ownedbyCargill),LouisD

26、reyfus,Bunge,MitsuiCook,andAndre&Company-Controlstorage-Controltransportation-Controlprices-GeneticallyModifiedSoybeanCropsHistoryWorldSoybeanProduction(2007)USproduced2,585millionbushelsBrazilproduced2,241millionbushelsArgentinaproduced1,727millionbushelsChinaproduced525millionbushelsIndiaproduced3

27、42millionbushelsParaguayproduced257millionbushelsOthersproduced301millionbushelsCopyright2007NorthCarolinaSoybeanProducersAssociation,Inc.HistorySoybeanBushelsProducedin2000(Total:2.76BillionBushels)Source:NationalAgriculturalStatisticsServiceSoybeans:TodaysTopicsThe Plant-Origin-ChemicalComposition

28、-Morphology-Maturity-GrowthTypesHistory-MovementfromOrigin-U.S.andWorldProduction-GMOsoybeans-ProcessingCultivation/Pest Control-Growingseason-Nitrogenfixture-MainPestsandpesticidesSoy Products-Cattlefeed,oils,plastics,paints,inks,pesticidesHealth Benefits-Lowerscholesterol-Completeprotein-Reducebre

29、astcancerHealth Risks-Allergies-Toxicpesticides/chemicals-Rawsoybeanstoxicity-Reducespermcount-IncreaseriskcancerSoybean FutureSoybeanPestsandPesticidesPestsBacterialdiseasesFungaldiseasesNematodes,parasiticViraldiseasesPesticidesCalciumhypochlorite(326)Uses:Algaecide,WaterTreatmentMagnesiumphosphid

30、e(2085)Uses:Fumigant,RodenticideSpinetoram(XDE-175-J)(5946)Uses:InsecticideHarmfuleffectsofPesticidesAcute Pesticide Poisoning Associated with Pyraclostrobin Fungicide-Iowa,2007-27 cases of illness after workers sprayed with air pesticides-All workers Hispanic,from TexasGeneticallyEngineeredSoybeans

31、(GMO)MonsantoGMsoybeanseedpatent-Herbicide-resistantsoybeanplantsThreenewgenesgeneticallyengineeredintosoybeanfrom:-bacterium-cauliflowervirus-petuniaDrasticincreaseinU.S.G.M.Soybeansfrom1996-1998-1996GMOsoybeans:0.5millionhectares-1998GMOsoybeans:18millionhectaresResultsinincreasepesticideusageSoyb

32、eanProcessing1917:ProcessingIndustrybeganinIllinoisOilyieldoccursbysolventextractionSeedsarecleaned,cracked,anddehulledUseofunsafechemicalstoextractoilRemainingportionisrolledintoflakesFlakesaretoastedandusedinsoymealandsoymealproductsProteinportionofflakescanbeextractedandusedinotherproductsIndustr

33、ialProcessingFoodsafetyrisks:-Processinginvolvesmixingnon-edibleoilswithedibleoils(chloroethylene,hexene)-Createssaturatedfats:linktoheartdisease-Consumersdeniedrighttoknowwhattoxicchemicalsmaybeinsoyproductshttp:/www.soyfoods.org/top/photosSoybean ProductsSoybeans:TodaysTopicsThe Plant-Origin-Chemi

34、calComposition-Morphology-Maturity-GrowthTypesHistory-MovementfromOrigin-U.S.andWorldProduction-GMOsoybeans-ProcessingCultivation/Pest Control-Growingseason-Nitrogenfixture-MainPestsandpesticidesSoy Products-Cattlefeed,oils,plastics,paints,inks,pesticidesHealth Benefits-Lowerscholesterol-Completeprotein-ReducebreastcancerHealth Risks-Allergies-Toxicpesticides/chemicals-Rawsoybeanstoxicity-Reducespermcount-Increaseriskcancer