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1、Unit 10Risks http:/Vocabulary1.accordingly 1)for that reason 于是于是,从而从而,因此因此He was asked to leave the city and accordingly he went.2)as the(stated)circumstances suggest 相应地相应地When the revolutionary situation changes,revolutionary tactics must change accordingly.有人叫他离开该城市有人叫他离开该城市,所以他就走了。所以他就走了。You ma

2、y arrange accordingly.你可以权宜处理。你可以权宜处理。她非常喜欢阳光她非常喜欢阳光,因此她总是在海南度假。因此她总是在海南度假。She likes sunshine very much,and she always spends her vocation in Hainan accordingly.2.assess:evaluate 评定，评估评定，评估这项决定的重要性很难评定。这项决定的重要性很难评定。Its difficult to assess the importance of the decision.他们派人去评估房子的价值。他们派人去评估房子的价值。They

3、 sent someone to assess the value of the house.assessment n.assessable a.可估价的可估价的;可征税的可征税的辨异assess,estimate,evaluate assess原意是指为确定交多少税估价，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。estimate通常指个人作出的主观估价。evaluate指绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价格。3.definitive:clear and having final authority 明确的；有权威的明确的；有权威的明确的答复明确的答复a definitive

4、answer 确切的解决方法确切的解决方法a definitive solutiondefine v.下定义，阐明下定义，阐明definite a.明确的，一定的明确的，一定的Her book is the definitive work on Milton.她的书是论述弥尔顿的权威著作。她的书是论述弥尔顿的权威著作。definitely adv.明确地；肯定地明确地；肯定地indefinitely adv.不确定地；不限定地不确定地；不限定地definition n.定义定义4.multiply:1)乘乘以三乘五以三乘五 to multiply five by three三乘五等于十五。三乘

5、五等于十五。3 multiplied by 5 is 15.2）to increase the amount,number,or degree of 增加增加to multiply ones chances of success增加个人成功的机会增加个人成功的机会效率将提高好几倍效率将提高好几倍to multiply ones chances of successdivide:除除15除以除以3等于等于5。15 divided by 3 is 5.5.partial:1)of only a part;not total;incomplete 部分的；局部的部分的；局部的The research

6、 project was only a partial success.那个研究课题只取得部分成功。那个研究课题只取得部分成功。2）having a particular liking or fondness for something or someone 偏爱的偏爱的;特别喜欢的特别喜欢的;偏袒的偏袒的Im very partial to sweet foods.我特别喜欢甜食。我特别喜欢甜食。他特别喜欢运动。他特别喜欢运动。He is partial to sports.a decision that was partial to the plaintiff.一项偏袒原告的决定一项偏袒原

7、告的决定6.physician:内科医生内科医生surgeon:外科医生外科医生 physicist:物理学家物理学家dentist:牙医牙医pediatrician:儿科医生儿科医生7.suspect:v.1)to believe to be true or probable 猜想，认为可能猜想，认为可能I suspect they are very disappointed.我猜想他们很失望。我猜想他们很失望。2）to have doubts about;distrust 怀疑，不信任：怀疑，不信任：I suspect his motives.我怀疑他的动机我怀疑他的动机你凭什么怀疑钱是他

8、偷的？你凭什么怀疑钱是他偷的？What made you suspect him of having taken the money?He seems poor,but I suspect that he has quite a lot of money.他看上去很穷，可是我怀疑他很有钱。他看上去很穷，可是我怀疑他很有钱。3）to think(a person)guilty without proof 怀疑（有犯罪之嫌疑）怀疑（有犯罪之嫌疑）The police suspect her of murder.警察怀疑她犯了谋杀罪警察怀疑她犯了谋杀罪 suspect:n.嫌疑犯，犯罪嫌疑人嫌疑犯，

9、犯罪嫌疑人The police have taken the suspect to the police station.警察把这个嫌疑犯送到了警察局。警察把这个嫌疑犯送到了警察局。doubt相信。一般后接that,whether,if引导的从句，或用于否定句中。suspect指揣测或感到某事是可能的，或是存在的，但又缺乏有力的证据。1.end up：结束，告终结束，告终 If you drive your car like that,youll in hospital.Carry that box of explosives carefully or well dead ourselves.

10、Phrases and Expressions2.in question 1)有问题有问题I know Bill would be a good captain for the team.That is not .But does he want to be captain?2)所谈论的所谈论的Let us stick to the point.The book is currently not available.5.on the strength of on the basis of 根据根据On the strength of money,we planned to start buil

11、ding now.He thought he might be offered the post his fathers former association with the firm.6.reduce to 1)使某人陷入某种状态或状况中（通常指更坏的）使某人陷入某种状态或状况中（通常指更坏的）She was reduced to begging for her living.He is reduced almost to a skeleton.他瘦的几乎成了一个骨头架子。他瘦的几乎成了一个骨头架子。2）将谋事物概括或简化成某种形式将谋事物概括或简化成某种形式The report can

12、be reduced to three main points.1.But fear of disease is not our only fear,and neither is risk of disease the only risk we run.(L4-5)Text Understandingrisk 的相关词组的相关词组at risk 处于危险之中处于危险之中The disease is spreading,and all children under five are .Heart disease can be avoided if people take medical advi

13、ce.at the risk of 冒冒的危险的危险 offending you,I must tell you that I disapprove of your behavior.He saved my life losing his own.run the risk of 冒冒的危险的危险I dont want to run the risk of meeting George.I was afraid to run the risk of betting on the game.take a risk/risks 冒险做可能失败、有危险的事冒险做可能失败、有危险的事You are ta

14、king a big risk driving so fast.But he must be cautious;he must take no unnecessary risks.当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组，谓语动词为当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组，谓语动词为go,come等表示位置转等表示位置转移的动作动词时，通常引起全部倒装。移的动作动词时，通常引起全部倒装。From the room came the sound of children singing.From the fountain bubbled a stream of cool water.2.And from these

15、threats come questions that we must pose to ourselves:(L6-7)pose v.put forward for discussion;give rise to 提出，引起提出，引起The high cost of oil poses serious problems for industry.What if:what will happen if 如果如果将怎样将怎样What if they do not come?What if the rumor is true?3.What if you get hit from the side a

16、nd end up trapped inside the vehicle,(L18)4.We cannot begin to answer such questions until we have a feel for the level of risks in question.(L37)have a feel for:have a sensitive appreciation or an easy understanding of something 对对有敏锐的鉴赏力有敏锐的鉴赏力/很深的理解力很深的理解力After-class Reading Passage I Health Risk

17、ssummary With the rapid development of modern medicine,many diseases have either been completely eliminated or brought under control.Americans are far healthier tan ever before,but they still worry about their health most,even more than the environment.When making comparison of health risks,people e

18、ncounter the problem of immediacy.Accordingly,the author puts forward a new concept called YPLL(years of potential life lost),which has an important influence on issues in health care economics.Moreover,YPLL offers a new approach to the assessment of the seriousness of a risk,that is,the assessment

19、does not only depend on how many lives it claims but also how many YPLLs it involves.1.bare 1）plain,with no additional explanation or information Just give us the facts of the case.2)没有（家具、装饰）没有（家具、装饰）He lived in a little house.3)刚够的、最低限度的刚够的、最低限度的All that they had ever had were the necessities of l

20、ife.Understanding Vocabulary4)裸露的裸露的The poor little match-girl,with bare head and naked feet,was walking in the street.4)v.露出露出The dog ed its teeth.barely 勉强的、仅仅的勉强的、仅仅的 我们的钱只能勉强维持到周末。我们的钱只能勉强维持到周末。We had enough money to last through the weekend.The room was furnished.这房间陈设简陋。这房间陈设简陋。2.differ 1）be d

21、issimilar or unlike 不同，不相象不同，不相象Ambition differs from greed.2)to be of a different opinion;disagree 不同意；意见不同不同意；意见不同Jack differed with his father about/on/over the present economic situations at home.雄心与贪心截然不同。雄心与贪心截然不同。differ fromdiffer from日语发音和法语大不相同。日语发音和法语大不相同。Japanese differs greatly from Fren

22、ch in pronunciation.differ withdiffer with杰克和他的父亲在国内经济形势的看法上发生意见分歧。杰克和他的父亲在国内经济形势的看法上发生意见分歧。They differ with each other as to the precise meaning of this article in the contract.对于合同中这一条款的确切释义他们的看法互不一致。对于合同中这一条款的确切释义他们的看法互不一致。3.principal adj.first or highest in importance,rank,worth,or degree;chief

23、最重要的；主要的最重要的；主要的the principal rivers of a countryn.1)负责人，校长负责人，校长o.2)主要演员，主角主要演员，主角p.3)本金本金一个国家的主要河流一个国家的主要河流一旦抓住了主要矛盾一旦抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就迎刃而解。一切问题就迎刃而解。Once the principal contradiction is grasped,all problems will be readily solved.principal;principle principal;principle Principal 和和 principle的意思完全不同，但常

24、常被混淆。的意思完全不同，但常常被混淆。Principle 仅仅是一个名词，其主要意义指基本的东西或规则和标准。仅仅是一个名词，其主要意义指基本的东西或规则和标准。On the basis of the five principles for peaceful coexistence there can be reasonable dialogue between any two governments.以和平共处的五项原则为基础任何两国政府间都可以进行合理的对话。以和平共处的五项原则为基础任何两国政府间都可以进行合理的对话。Principal 既是名词又是形容词。既是名词又是形容词。作为名词

25、（除了其在法律或财政金融上的特殊含义），它一般指居作为名词（除了其在法律或财政金融上的特殊含义），它一般指居于高位或担任重要角色的人：于高位或担任重要角色的人：a meeting among all the principals in the transaction.交易中重要人物的碰头会。交易中重要人物的碰头会。作为形容词，它有作为形容词，它有“主要的主要的”或或“首要的首要的”的意思的意思replace A by/with B=substitute B for A4.replace 1)to take or fill the place of 代替，取代代替，取代replace coal

26、by with gas用煤气代替煤作燃料用煤气代替煤作燃料The new city,Brasilia,replaced Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazil in 1960.巴西利亚这座新城市于巴西利亚这座新城市于1960年取代了里约热内卢成了巴西的首都年取代了里约热内卢成了巴西的首都。2)to put back into a former position or place 放回原处放回原处杂志阅后放回原处。杂志阅后放回原处。Replace the magazines after reading.3)to pay back or return;ref

27、und 偿还，归还；退回偿还，归还；退回还借款还借款replace borrowed money5.loom 1)阴森地逼近；隐现A large iceberg loomed through the thick gray fog.另一艘船的黑影在雾中隐现。另一艘船的黑影在雾中隐现。The dark outline of another ship loomed(up)through the fog.2)压在心头The fear of a sudden attack loomed in their thoughts.1.by virtue of:on the grounds or basis of

28、;because of 2.由于，由于，凭借凭借 由于他所处的位置，他可以四处走动。由于他所处的位置，他可以四处走动。the position he held,he was able to move about freely.由于她是经理的女儿，人们允许她愿意做什么就做什么。由于她是经理的女儿，人们允许她愿意做什么就做什么。She is allowed to do what she wishes the fact that she is the managers daughter.Phrases and Expressions2.in this light：in this particular

29、 way 在在方面，从方面，从角度角度Press reports always make him appear in a bad light.新闻报道总使他以坏形象出现。新闻报道总使他以坏形象出现。Viewed in this light,the problem seemed less important.近似词组近似词组in the light of 根据根据In the light of what you told me I shall act in a different way.从这个角度看，这个问题并没有那么重要。从这个角度看，这个问题并没有那么重要。5.make sense 1)讲

30、得通讲得通你对整个事件的叙述根本讲不通。你对整个事件的叙述根本讲不通。Your whole account of the incident doesnt make sense.No matter how you read it,this sentence doesnt make(any)sense.2)明智明智Does it make sense to let little play with matches?It makes sense to save money while you can.6.show up:1)to be easily or clearly seen（使）显眼，显露（使

31、）显眼，显露The cracks in the wall show up in the sunlight;the sunlight shows them up.墙上的裂缝在阳光下很显眼；阳光使墙上的裂缝显现出来。墙上的裂缝在阳光下很显眼；阳光使墙上的裂缝显现出来。他们显示他们的努力只是浪费时间他们显示他们的努力只是浪费时间They showed their efforts up as a waste of time.2)infml to arrive as expected or arranged 到达，出现到达，出现Did everyone you invited show up?He sh

32、owed up at the meeting last night.STRUCTUREPara1-2 Its surprising,though,understandable,that Americans worry about their health.Para3 Health risks are different from each in their immediacy.Para4 People are likely to ignore long-term risks more than short-term ones.Para5 A new understanding of the c

33、oncept of YPLL.Para6 The concept of YPLL has important,if controversial,influence on issues in health care economics.Para7 The assessment of the seriousness of a risk change,depending on two elements:how many lives it claims and how many YPLLs it involves.Therefore,we we must consider not only the r

34、isk level but also its immediacy.1.This is entirely understandable,for health is obviously preferable to illness.(L 2-3)be preferable to 较好的，优越的较好的，优越的A dark suit is to a light one for evening wear.Anything is to having her with us for the whole week.Text Understanding2.What makes todays preoccupati

35、on with health slightly surprising is that Americans are far healthier now than they have ever been.(L4-5)preoccupation with 1)心事在心事在上面上面因为他的心思全放在读书上了，所以不知道我们已经进来了。因为他的心思全放在读书上了，所以不知道我们已经进来了。Because of his with his book,Dick didnt know we had come into the room.2)全心注意的事，主要考虑的事全心注意的事，主要考虑的事I have man

36、y s about family affairs,and have no time to make the teaching plans.他主要考虑的是如何找到渡假所需的钱。他主要考虑的是如何找到渡假所需的钱。His greatest is how to find money for a holiday.3.In making choices about health risks,therefore,it is important to bear in mind the likely time lag between taking a risk and suffering its conseq

37、uences.(L15-17)lag v.多用于多用于 behindSome of the members are lagging behind so well wait for them to catch up with us.n.时间间隔时间间隔4.Those with a mind to live for today are apt to be indifferent to health risks that have a very long incubation period.(L18-19)be indifferent to 漠不关心漠不关心小说家能对他所生活的这个世界的问题置之不理

38、吗？小说家能对他所生活的这个世界的问题置之不理吗？Can a novelist be to the problems of the world in which he lives.I was so excited to see snow that I was to the cold.5.way in front of cancer or strokes.(L 33)way adv.远远地远远地Hurry up and get undressed-its past your bedtime.6.Specifically,cancers claim about 25 percent more YP

39、LLs than heart disease.(L38-39)1)特别地特别地The doctor told him not to eat certain foods.2)具体地具体地several countries,the U.S,Britain,France7.strike1)打打The boy struck the man with a stick.2)发起进攻发起进攻He moved away as the animal struck.3)撞；触礁；划火柴撞；触礁；划火柴His car struck a tree;you can still see the mark on the t

40、ree.4)忽然想起忽然想起It struck me that he had come to borrow money.5)给人印象给人印象What struck me was that those fellows have all suffered a lot.6)罢工罢工7）（不愉快的事）（不愉快的事）突然发生突然发生We must prevent the disease ing again.8)（钟）敲（响）（钟）敲（响）I left immediately the clock struck twelve.9)光线照到光线照到The sun was ing on the sea,maki

41、ng it shine.Passage IIRisks from Nature and Technologysummary In the passage,the author raises a number of i8ssues resulting from natural risks and technological risks.He points out that,contrary to most peoples assumption,nature is not begin,actually nature does a lot of nasty things to us,such as

42、floods,storms,earthquakes,hurricanes,volcanoes,radiation and even death itself.Besides the natural catastrophes,there are many major threats to our lives and health posed by technology.However,it is impossible to know exactly that negative effects technology has on the environment because it is impo

43、ssible to measure precise risks.Similarly,there is no dependable data to show exactly to what degree technology affects our daily life.Whats more,even the results of research on carcinogens carried out on rats dont give a clear indication of what levels of exposure might be dangerous for human being

44、s.The overall tone of the passage is pessimistic and uncertain.1.artificial 1)insincere,unreal 假的假的,不自然的不自然的I cant stand his artificial smiles.2)not natural 人工的；非自然的人工的；非自然的The new dam form a large artificial lake behind it.Understanding VocabularyThis brand of tinned beans contains no artificial co

45、loring.这种品牌的罐装青豆不含人造色素。这种品牌的罐装青豆不含人造色素。2.evolve:1)to develop through evolutionary processes 进化进化The developmental history of the society tells us that man has evolved from the ape.社会发展史告诉我们人是从类人猿进化来的。社会发展史告诉我们人是从类人猿进化来的。2)to develop or achieve gradually 逐渐发展或完成逐渐发展或完成evolve a style of ones own.逐渐形成了

46、自己的风格逐渐形成了自己的风格The British present political system has evolved over several centuries.英国的现行政治制度是经过几个世纪逐步发展而成的。英国的现行政治制度是经过几个世纪逐步发展而成的。evolve from/out of:由由衍变而来衍变而来evolve into:衍变成衍变成3.inflict:1）impose 使遭受（损伤、痛苦、惩罚）使遭受（损伤、痛苦、惩罚）The hurricane ed severe damage on the island.他对所有的囚犯都施加了严厉的惩罚。他对所有的囚犯都施加了

47、严厉的惩罚。He d severe penalties on all the prisoners.2）强加给、硬要待在面前）强加给、硬要待在面前不要把你的想法强加给我。不要把你的想法强加给我。Dont your ideas on me.I wont myself on you today.I can see you are too busy to listen to my complaints.inflict sth.on/upon inflict sth.on/upon 1.allow for:takeinto consideration 把把考虑进去考虑进去In working with

48、this cloth,be sure to shrinkage.We must the train being late-it always is.2.as yet:（用于否定句）（用于否定句）until now,so far,up to now 到目前为止到目前为止He had not made up his mind what attitude to adopt toward her.他仍然没有决定对她采取什么态度。他仍然没有决定对她采取什么态度。Phrases and ExpressionsWhen evaluating his work,we must his inexperience

49、.I have applied for the job,but I have received no answer as yet.3.in response to:as a reaction to 响应，作为对响应，作为对的反应的反应Clearly,they did it in response to external pressures.She went to open the door the knock.4.reflect upon/on：think over 思考，反省思考，反省He reflected upon the likely consequences of his cours

50、e of action.我经常思考人生的美丽与复杂。我经常思考人生的美丽与复杂。I often the beauty and complexity of life.Some students lowered their heads to my question.1.In addition to naturalin which our technological society pose major threats to our lives and health.(L29)All the subjects are well posed.所有的东西都摆好了位置。所有的东西都摆好了位置。污染对这一物