SAT标准讲义(完整版)ppt课件.ppt

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1、综述综述 题型分类题型分类SAT考试中的语法部分分为考试中的语法部分分为IE(Identifying Sentence Errors)IS(Improving Sentences)IP(Improving Paragraphs)题型考察介绍题型考察介绍IE题型主要对词类的语法点进行考察，其难度与题型主要对词类的语法点进行考察，其难度与老托福的语法题差不多老托福的语法题差不多 IS题型则在句子结构的基础上对句法进行考察，题型则在句子结构的基础上对句法进行考察，比如：主谓一致、平行结构等等，其题型特征与比如：主谓一致、平行结构等等，其题型特征与GMAT有些相似有些相似 IP是在文章的整体框架下对考

2、生在词、句、及段是在文章的整体框架下对考生在词、句、及段落三个语法层次上进行考察落三个语法层次上进行考察 难度分析难度分析IS题型题型 IP题型题型 IE题型题型 SAT语法语法SECTION及时间分配及时间分配判分标准判分标准语法部分可根据以下公式计算实际正确题数语法部分可根据以下公式计算实际正确题数正确题数错误题数正确题数错误题数/4 实际正确题数实际正确题数然后将实际正确题数结合写作分数在然后将实际正确题数结合写作分数在OG中查出中查出自己的对应得分范围自己的对应得分范围 参考用书参考用书黄皮书黄皮书BARRONOG IEISIPSAT语法题型范围关系语法题型范围关系Identifyin

3、g Sentence Errors(IE)1.动词动词 2.代词代词 3.形容词形容词 词法词法 4.副词副词 考点考点 5.名词名词 6.介词介词 7.连词连词句法句法IE考点归纳考点归纳IE考点归纳考点归纳动词：主谓一致动词：主谓一致 主语单复数概念主语单复数概念 audience,population,team,family,group,country,state,county,city 在表示整体实均表示单数的概念，谓语动词应使在表示整体实均表示单数的概念，谓语动词应使 用单数形式用单数形式 倒转语序的主谓一致倒转语序的主谓一致 完全倒装完全倒装 部分倒装部分倒装 就近一致的主谓关系就

4、近一致的主谓关系 or,either or,not only.but also.,neithernor,not.but.with,plus,along with,as well as等紧随主语的情况下，谓语单复数由等紧随主语的情况下，谓语单复数由 最前面的主语决定最前面的主语决定 IE考点归纳考点归纳动词：主谓一致动词：主谓一致 对于正常语序的主谓一致，需要注意一下敏感的动词，比如：当题中出现对于正常语序的主谓一致，需要注意一下敏感的动词，比如：当题中出现 动词动词/助动词助动词 has/have 及系动词及系动词 am/is/are/was/were 时，要优先注意其时，要优先注意其 主语（

5、助动词主语（助动词has/have及系动词属于敏感考点）及系动词属于敏感考点）The field of consumer electronics have been never been fixed;DVDs replace VHS tapes today,just as CDs replaced cassette tapes in the past.No error （助动词（助动词 has/have考点）考点）The existence of consistent rules are important if a teacher wants to run a classroom effic

6、iently.No error （系动词考点）（系动词考点）动词：主谓一致动词：主谓一致 倒装句式的主谓一致：对于此种结构，要培养识别倒装的能力倒装句式的主谓一致：对于此种结构，要培养识别倒装的能力1.Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied for years,but only recently has the harmful effects of noise pollution become known.No error （部分倒装：（部分倒装：only+副词副词+引导部分倒装）引导部分倒装）2.Between th

7、e small shops and boutiques of Greenwich Village and the giant department stores of midtown Manhattan lie the ethnically varied residential neighborhood of Chelsea.No error （完全倒装：介宾完全倒装）（完全倒装：介宾完全倒装）3.Also supported by the commission was the proposed health clinics and the proposed center to distrib

8、ute information on job-training opportunities.No error （完全倒装：主系表完全倒装）（完全倒装：主系表完全倒装）IE考点归纳考点归纳动词：主谓一致动词：主谓一致 就近一致中的主谓一致：就近一致中的主谓一致：在以下短语出现时，应使用就近一致原则来选择适当的动词形式：在以下短语出现时，应使用就近一致原则来选择适当的动词形式：eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also,notbut等等等等 例：例：When he confronted the teacher,as he did after almost every

9、test,the student was adamant that neither the question nor the answer choices was fair.No error （就近一致中的主谓一致）（就近一致中的主谓一致）IE考点归纳考点归纳动词：平行结构动词：平行结构主要考察主要考察:动词的主谓一致的平行结构动词的主谓一致的平行结构 例：例：Recently completed,the new maglev train links shanghai to the Pudong Airport and eliminating a major source of congest

10、ion between the two destinations.No error 动词时态（形式）的平行结构动词时态（形式）的平行结构 例：例：Despite having no formal training,Jackie was nonetheless able to master the piano by listening to recordings,reading instructional books,and she practiced on her own.No errorIE考点归纳考点归纳动词：时态动词：时态代表高频错误时态代表高频错误时态IE考点归纳考点归纳动词：时态动词

11、：时态高频错误时态（过去完成时、进行时）高频错误时态（过去完成时、进行时）Many biographers had stated that Samuel Lang Clemenschanged his name to Mark Twain to echo the riverboat captainscall ascertaining the sate navigation depth of the Mississippi river.No error（考察动词过去完成时）（考察动词过去完成时）Despite recent controversy over ballot-punching,whi

12、ch hasdiscouraged some people from voting,in 2004 many U.S.citizens will attempt to elect a President who will be representingtheir views on the issues.No error（考察动词进行时）（考察动词进行时）IE考点归纳考点归纳动词：虚拟语气动词：虚拟语气 出现特征：出现特征：if 引导虚拟语气引导虚拟语气 IE考点归纳考点归纳动词：虚拟语气动词：虚拟语气 出现特征：出现特征：if引导虚拟语气引导虚拟语气 例：例：Jasons older sist

13、er,known for her diligence,smugly reminded him that if he would have planned ahead instead of procrastinating,he would not have had to write his entire research paper in just one weekend.No errorIE考点归纳考点归纳动词：虚拟语气动词：虚拟语气 出现特征：动词引导的虚拟语气出现特征：动词引导的虚拟语气 表示建议：表示建议：recommend,suggest,advice 表示要求：表示要求：insist

14、,demand,request 表示命令：表示命令：command,order 例：例：In trying to capture the essence of a portrait,the artist frequently keeps his modes late,insisting that they completed the job in order to be paid.No errorIE考点归纳考点归纳动词：过去式、过去分词拼写形式动词：过去式、过去分词拼写形式主要考察考生对动词时态形式的记忆：主要考察考生对动词时态形式的记忆：例：例：lie-lay-lain 躺下躺下 lie-

15、lied-lied 撒谎撒谎 lay-laid-laid 放放 lay-laid-laid 下蛋下蛋IE考点归纳考点归纳动词：误用动词：误用考察考生区分形近动词的意思考察考生区分形近动词的意思例：例：The typical individual who immigrates from his native country inpursuit of employment is more likely to have a bachelors orpostgraduate degree than is the typical U.S.citizen.No error(Immigrate-emigra

16、te)类似还有：类似还有：infer-imply,capture-captivate,IE考点归纳考点归纳IE考点归纳考点归纳代词：主格宾格错误代词：主格宾格错误确定主宾格的核心原则：代词充当主语还是宾语确定主宾格的核心原则：代词充当主语还是宾语小练习小练习He is taller than me.(I am)Who is it?It is me.(I)I know him who studies diligently each night.(him,who)IE考点归纳考点归纳代词：代词错误使用代词：代词错误使用 使用错误使用错误:（即：不应该使用代词）（即：不应该使用代词）Upon rev

17、iewing a map of his property,John realized that he could not build the barn where he had intended because it belonged to a neighboring farmer.No error 指代错误：指代错误：（代词的所指内容与指代对象不符）（代词的所指内容与指代对象不符）Many of the students which were chosen for the National Student Leadership Conference opted for the U.S.Pol

18、itics and Policies program;they spent several days attending Congressional events and touring the capitols sights.No error IE考点归纳考点归纳代词：代词错误使用代词：代词错误使用 歧义歧义:Eugene Neill,who is typically regarded as Americas greatest playwright,received critical acclaim for The Iceman Cometh,a play where a group of

19、outcasts seeks salvation.No error (where:in which or from which)IE考点归纳考点归纳代词：平行结构代词：平行结构人称上的一致人称上的一致 单复数一致单复数一致例：例：If one does not enjoy fearless pigeons landing you for food,oneshould avoid St.Marks Squat in Venice.No errorWhen one is sitting in a crowded theatre,surrounded by an audiencethat has p

20、aid good money to see a play of such historical significance,the least you can do is to refrain from unnecessary conversation.NoerrorIE考点归纳考点归纳IE考点归纳考点归纳形容词、副词形容词、副词 形容词、副词修饰错误形容词、副词修饰错误 修饰对象：形容词修饰对象：形容词名词，名词，副词副词形容词、动词形容词、动词 Completed exhausted from a hard day at work,Evelyn fell asleep on the bus

21、and,when she finally awoke,found that she had missed her stop.No error 比较级、最高级比较级、最高级 Cellular phones are one of the less technologies that became more popular in Europe than in America when first introduced.No error IE考点归纳考点归纳形容词、副词形容词、副词 平行结构平行结构 None of the tasks was harder than that which occupi

22、ed his attention during the first three weeks of his administration;it proved neither an easy task nor simple to understand.No error (neither.nor.引导平行结构引导平行结构)形容词、副词重复使用形容词、副词重复使用 The prosecutor argued that anger and a desire for vindication were not sufficient enough reasons to justify the crime.No

23、 error IE考点归纳考点归纳形容词、副词形容词、副词 误用误用 Perspective travelers to the islands are advised to start getting used to higher temperature before beginning their trips.No error David has a veracious appetite and often eats five meals a day,but somehow he remains exceptionally thin.No errorIE考点归纳考点归纳IE考点归纳考点归纳名

24、词名词 单复数单复数 名词分类：可数名词、不可数名词、集合名词名词分类：可数名词、不可数名词、集合名词 比较（题中遇到比较词，可优先找比较双方）比较（题中遇到比较词，可优先找比较双方）(1)比较双方成分不一致比较双方成分不一致 Compared with freshly squeezed juice,which some claim tastes like sunshine in a cup,the flavor of reconstituted juice can seem disappointingly artificial.No error (2)比较歧义比较歧义 In the endl

25、ess twilight of summer evenings,we enjoyed our croquet set more than our neighbors.No error IE考点归纳考点归纳名词名词 平行结构平行结构 In a beginning ballet class,a dancer learns the five positions,about ballets history,and arm exercises.No error 误用误用 affect-effect principle-principal allusion illusion IE考点归纳考点归纳IE考点归

26、纳考点归纳介词：固定搭配介词：固定搭配 be different from A be consistent with B separate A from B A be synonymous with B distinguish A from B preoccupation with (distinguish between A and B)comply with be desirous of be jealous of satisfaction with(be satisfied with)opposition to(be opposed to)be responsible to sb be

27、responsible for sth outlook on consider A(to be)B IE考点归纳考点归纳介词：数量介词介词：数量介词Among,between,ofBetween A and B,A is better.()Of A and B,A is better.()Among A,B,and C,A is the best.()There is a difference among A,B,and C.()IE考点归纳考点归纳介词：错误使用、模糊使用介词：错误使用、模糊使用错误使用：错误使用：No matter how many times Julie hears he

28、r favorite song,whenever it isplayed on the radio,she will dance around the room as if she hasnever heard the song before.No error模糊使用：模糊使用：Eugene Neill,who is typically regarded as Americas greatestplaywright,received critical acclaim for The Iceman Cometh,a playwhere a group of outcasts seeks salv

29、ation.No errorIE考点归纳考点归纳IE考点归纳考点归纳连词：逻辑关系错误连词：逻辑关系错误Natural fibers such as cotton must be straightened before theycan be used to make cloth,and synthetic fibers such aspolyester need no such treatment.No errorWhile we no longer live so far from school,we no longer worryabout missing the bus.No error

30、IE考点归纳考点归纳连词：连词、副词混淆连词：连词、副词混淆高频副词高频副词:however,nonetheless,nevertheless,therefore 高频连词：高频连词：because,but,while,whereas连词连词&副词：副词：so(and so),yet(and yet)As well as 与与 andImproving Sentences(IS)句法体系句法体系（核心原则：语法（核心原则：语法修改原意修改原意简洁）简洁）1.1.主谓一致主谓一致 2.2.句子结构句子结构 3.3.平行结构平行结构 4.4.比较比较 5.5.时态时态 6.6.代词指代代词指代 7

31、.7.语意重复语意重复 8.8.Awkward Expression 9.9.IE考点考点 10.10.冗长、细微修改原意冗长、细微修改原意Improving Sentences(IS)1.主谓一致主谓一致1.1 正常语序（详见正常语序（详见IE部分主谓一致）部分主谓一致）1.2 倒装语序倒装语序 完全倒装：完全倒装：There be(go/come/stand/sit/lie)句型句型 介宾完全倒装介宾完全倒装 表语完全倒装表语完全倒装 部分倒装：部分倒装：让步倒装让步倒装 否定倒装否定倒装 not onlybut also not until 虚拟语气倒装虚拟语气倒装 so(adj.)th

32、at倒装倒装 only(adv.)部分倒装部分倒装 nor.,so.部分倒装部分倒装 比较结构部分倒装比较结构部分倒装IS句法体系句法体系主谓一致：倒装主谓一致：倒装Also supported by the commission was the proposed health clinics andthe proposed center to distribute information on job-trainingopportunities.No error【表语倒装】【表语倒装】Available through the schools guidance office is a job

33、 directory and a listof job referral centers that provide information for students in need ofemployment.No error【介宾倒装【介宾倒装/表语倒装】表语倒装】Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied for years,butonly recently has the harmful effects of noise pollution become known.No error【only（adv.）部分倒装】）部

34、分倒装】Improving Sentences(IS)2.句子结构句子结构IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构空主语、双主语空主语、双主语The horrors of war and the experience of a woman serving in the WomansRoyal Navy Service during the second World War,which are stirringlychronicled in Edith Pargeters novel She goes to War.(A)the second World War,which are stirri

35、ngly chronicled(B)the second World War are stirring chronicled(C)a stirring chronicle of the second World War(D)the second World War,that appear in a stirring chronicle(E)a chronicle of the second World War that stirs the emotions（考点：空主语）（考点：空主语）IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构空主语、双主语空主语、双主语H.Fend Douglas,one o

36、f the few Black soldiers in White regiments duringthe early part of the Civil War,and eventually to recruit and command hisown unit.(A)and eventually to recruit and command his own unit（空主语）（空主语）(B)eventually recruited and commanded his own unit(C)he eventually recruited and commanded his own unit（双

37、主语）（双主语）(D)he eventually had his own unit that he recruited and commanded （双主语）（双主语）(E)having eventually recruited and commanded his own unit（空主语）（空主语）（考点：空主语、双主语）（考点：空主语、双主语）IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构双谓语双谓语The ancient belief of all matter being in continuous motion seems borne out by modern discoveries a

38、bout atomic structure.(A)of all matter being in continuous motion(B)Is that all matter is in continuous motion （双谓语）（双谓语）(C)which is that matter is in continuous motion(D)that all matter is in continuous motion(E)of all matter that is in continuous motionIS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构双谓语双谓语At an early stage i

39、n his travels,Henry James,writing from abroad,described the subtle differences distinguishing Americans fromEuropeans.(A)At an early stage in his travels,Henry James,writing(B)At an early stage in his travels,Henry James wrote（双谓语）（双谓语）(C)At an early stage in his travels,Henry James was written（修改原义

40、）（修改原义）(D)At an early stage in his travels,Henry James was writing（双谓语、时态）（双谓语、时态）(E)Henry James,whose writing at an early stage in his travels（空主语）（空主语）IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构状状 主主 （状语与主语不一致）（状语与主语不一致）9 6 让步状语让步状语 伴随状语伴随状语 动名词动名词 条件状语条件状语 过去分词过去分词 比较状语比较状语 介宾短语介宾短语 目的状语目的状语 形容词形容词 因果状语因果状语 动词不定式动词不定式

41、时间状语时间状语 独立主格结构独立主格结构 地点状语地点状语 方式状语方式状语状语状语IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构状状状状 主主主主To get through an emergency,it demands remaining calm and wittiness.(A)it demands remaining calm（状（状 主）主）(B)it demands calmness（状（状 主）主）(C)one is demanded to remain calm（被动语态）（被动语态）(D)one should remain calm（主动语态）（主动语态）(E)demands

42、 one to remain calm（不成句）（不成句）（考点：动词不定式作状语）（考点：动词不定式作状语）IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构状状状状 主主主主While studying dolphins in Florida,that was when Caryn discovered herlove of the manatee.(A)that was when Caryn discovered herlove of the manatee（状（状 主）主）(B)Caryn discovered her love of the manatee(C)then the discove

43、ry of Caryns love for the manatee took place （状（状 主）主）(D)Caryns live of the manatee was discovered（状（状 主）主）(E)a love of the manatee was discovered by Caryn（状（状 主）主）（考点：动名词作状语）（考点：动名词作状语）IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构状状状状 主主主主Better known for The Foreigner,other works of Larry Shue,such as TheNerd,were of equa

44、l quality though they were less famous.(A)other works of Larry Shue,such as The Nerd（状（状 主）主）(B)other works buy Larry Shue,such as The Nerd（状（状 主）主）(C)Larry Shue also created other works,such as The Nerd,that(D)Larry Shues other works,like The Nerd（状（状 主）主）(E)Larry Shue wrote other stories,like The

45、Nerd that （限制性定语使用错误）（限制性定语使用错误）（考点：过去分词作状语）（考点：过去分词作状语）IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构状状状状 主主主主Upon learning that Alison couldnt afford to return to college this semester,an effort was made by her friends to help her pay for tuition.(A)an effort was made by her friends to help her pay（状（状 主）主）(B)an effort to

46、help her pay was made by her friends（状（状 主）主）(C)her payment was helped by her friends（状（状 主）主）(D)her friends made an effort to help her pay(E)her friends make an effort to help her pay（考点：介宾短语作状语）（考点：介宾短语作状语）IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构状状状状 主主主主 独立主格（不作为选项考虑）独立主格（不作为选项考虑）The delegates coming this far,they d

47、id not want to return withoutaccomplishing something.(A)The delegates coming this far,they（独立主格）（独立主格）(B)Coming this far,the delegates felt they(C)Having come this far,the delegates(D)To come this far,the delegates(E)The delegates came this far,so that theyIS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构状状状状 主主主主 独立主格（不作为选项考虑）

48、独立主格（不作为选项考虑）High school graduates usually do not end up earning as much income ascollege graduates do,this being why so many high school students go onto pursue college degrees.(A)do,this being why so many high school students（独立主格）（独立主格）(B)do,this is why so many high school students（空并列）（空并列）(C)do

49、;this fact explains why so many high school students(D)do;this explaining the reason for why so many high school students （不成句）（不成句）(E)do,explaining why so many high school students（状（状主主）IS句法体系：句子结构句法体系：句子结构同位同位同位同位 主主主主 （同位语与所修饰成分不一致）（同位语与所修饰成分不一致）（同位语与所修饰成分不一致）（同位语与所修饰成分不一致）A native Californian,J

50、eff McDonalds first play received a Tony award in1975.(A)A native Californian,Jeff McDonalds first play received（同位（同位 主主）(B)A native Californian,the first play by Jeff McDonald received （同位（同位 主）主）(C)The first play by Jeff McDonald,a native Californian,received(D)Jeff McDonald,a native Californian,