学术英语写作.完整版PPT资料课件.ppt

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1、学术英语写作2 Teaching ProceduresLead-in 1Sample Analysis 2Building a Model3Grammar and Writing Skills431.What information should be contained in the Introduction?Lead-in Background Literature Review Unresolved Question The Present Paper4 2.What is the purpose of writing the Introduction?3.How does the In

2、troduction differ from the Abstract?4.How do writers normally start the Introduction?5.What type of information should be included in the Introduction,and in what order?6.How do writers normally end the Introduction?5 Typical complaints of referees The Introduction occupies too high a proportion of

3、the entire paper and contains too many general statements that are widely known.The rational and objectives are not defined and the whole section is completely disorganized-it is not clear what problem the author is addressing or trying to solve and why they chose their particular methodology.Much o

4、f the initial part is essentially a cut and paste from the Abstract.6nThe author has not related the background information to the objective of the paper.nPlease remember that the paper may be read by inexperienced Ph.D.students or others starting their work in your specific field.Hence,please add a

5、n explanation or at least a reference when mentioning notions related to and terminology for7Introduction 1.Polylactide(PLA)has received much attention in recent years due to its biodegradable properties,which offer important economic benefits.2.PLA is a polymer obtained from corn and is produced by

6、 the polymerization of lactide.3.It has many possible uses in the biomedical field1 and has also been investigated as potential engineering material.2,3 4.However,it has been found to be too weak under impact to be used commercially.4 5.One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber

7、 particles5 and there has been extensive research regarding the rubber modification of PLA.6.For example,Penney et al.showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently,Hillier established the toughness of such composites.7 7.However,although the effect of the

8、rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.8.The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component.9.On the basis of these criteria i

9、t then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydrocarbon rubber(PI).10.This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility.Sample AnalysisSample Analysis 8nIn sente

10、nce 1 the writer establishes the importance of this research topic.nIn sentence 2 the writer provides general background information.nIn sentence 3 the writer does the same as in Sentence 1 and2,but in a more specific/detailed way.nIn sentence 4 the writer describes the general problem area or the c

11、urrent research focus of the field.9nIn sentence 5 the writer provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review.nIn sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.nIn sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.nIn sente

12、nce 8 the writer describes the paper itself.nIn sentence 9 the writer gives details about the methodology reported in the paper.nIn sentence 10 the writer announces the findings.10BackgroundLiterature ReviewUnresolved QuestionThe Present Paper(sentences 1-4)(sentences 5-6)(sentence 7)(sentences 8-10

13、)11 Background 1.Polylactide(PLA)has received in recent years due to its biodegradable properties,which offer .2.PLA a polymer obtained from corn and produced by the polymerization of lactide.3.It has in the biomedical field1 and has also been investigated as potential engineering material.2,3 4.,it

14、 has been found to be too under impact to be used commercially.4 important economic benefitsmuch attentionHoweverweakisismany possible uses12Literature Review 5.One way to polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles5 and there has been regarding the rubber modification of PLA.6.,Penney et

15、 al.that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently,Hillier the toughness of such composites.7 toughenextensiveresearchFor exampleshowedestablished13Unresolved Question 7.,although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems

16、 was demonstrated over two years ago,8 to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.Howeverlittle attention has been paid14The Present Paper 8.presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component.9.On the basis of these criteria it then the preparation of a set of polymer blends PLA and

17、a hydro-carbon rubber(PI).10.This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations polymer in which the incorporation of PI .The present paper describesusingformed a novelsignificantly increasedflexibility15 Building a ModelBackgroundEstablish the importance of the field.Provide backgroun

18、d facts/information(possibly from research).Present the problem area/current research focus.16Literature ReviewReview previous or current research.17UnresolvedQuestionLocate a gap in the research.Describe the problem to be addressed.Present a hypothesis to be tested.18The PresentPaperIntroduce the p

19、urpose of the research.Introduce the approaches or the main procedures.Present the major findings.State the significance of the research.Outline the structure of the paper.1920 The“Funnel-Shaped”structurenYou may begin with information on the importance of the overall topic being addressed.nNext sum

20、marize knowledge about an aspect of the topic.nThen identify an unresolved question about that aspect.nFinally say how the current research addressed the question.21nMost research papers in basic science are investigative.That is,they are based on specific research questions you try to answer or on

21、a particular hypothesis you try to test.Introductions for these papers should contain the four elements.22Special case:Introductions for Descriptive PapersnSome research papers are not written to answer specific questions or prove a hypothesis but rather to describe a new finding.Introductions for t

22、hese papers follow a slightly different“funnel”structure because elements that readers expect to find in the Introduction of a descriptive paper differ from those of an investigative paper.231.Background background information and previous research in the area2.Discovery statement new discovery made

23、 by your research3.Experimental approach approach taken toward (optional)analyzing this discovery4.Description description of the new element5.Implication importance of the findings 24 Grammar and Writing SkillsnTense nPassive/active voice25nThe Present Simple is generally used to describe the gener

24、al background context,i.e.what is known already.nS1.The physical process of fragmentation is relevant to several areas of science and technology.26nThe Present Perfect is used to show how the problem has been approached from the past until the present study.nS2.Because different physical phenomena a

25、re at work during the fragmentation of a solid body,it has mainly been studied from a statistical viewpoint.In some disciplines you may be required to have a very strong theoretical framework for your study,thus requiring two or more pages.1)It may increase printing expenses.Discovery statement new

26、discovery made by yourBuilding a ModelIn sentence 3 the writer does the same as in Sentence 1 and2,but in a more specific/detailed way.The Present PaperAssignmentState the significance of the research.In sentence 3 the writer does the same as in Sentence 1 and2,but in a more specific/detailed way.PL

27、A is a polymer obtained from corn and is produced by the polymerization of lactide.Provide pertinent background information.PLA a polymer obtained from corn and produced by the polymerization of lactide.Polylactide(PLA)has received in recent years due to its biodegradable properties,which offer .The

28、 summary should be a faithful account of the original passage.that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently,Hillier the toughness of such composites.State the experimental approach briefly.27nThe Past Simple is used to review individual research.nAt the end of th

29、e Introduction,the Present Simple is used again when the authors state what they will do in the rest of their paper.nA general convention(but not rule)is that the Past Simple is used to present findings.28Passive/Active voicenIn the Introduction you usually say what you will be doing or presenting i

30、n the research article.You can use we to refer to your research group or team,but do not use it to refer to people or humanity in general.If you are referring to people in general,its better to use a construction with It(It is known/thought that)rather than We know/think thatnYou can use words like

31、here and in this study to let your reader know when you are referring to your own work.29 Review of the Literature1.What key skills are needed when writing a Review of the Literature?nThe key skill is to provide readers with just the right amount of literature regarding the sequence of events leadin

32、g up to the current situation not too much to make it tedious,nor too little so that the context of your research is not meaningful to them.30nThe amount of detail you need to give varies immensely from discipline to discipline.In some disciplines you may be required to have a very strong theoretica

33、l framework for your study,thus requiring two or more pages.In other disciplines just one paragraph may be enough.31n2.What are the two main reference systems?List their advantages and disadvantages.32 Name and Year System A system of referencing in which a reference is cited in the text by the last

34、 name of the author and the year of publication,e.g.,Smith(1990).33nName-year system nAdvantages:n1)Because the references are unnumbered,references can be added or deleted easily.n2)Readers familiar with a field can recognize the authors of a citation without having to refer to the reference list.n

35、3)It helps readers identify whether the sources of the citation are outdated or not.34nDisadvantages 1)It may increase printing expenses.2)The references take up space in the main body of the text and distract readers,especially when many works are cited together.35.Citation-order/Citation-sequence

36、SystemnA system of referencing in which references are cited in numerical order as they appear in the text.Thus,the References section is in citation order,not in alphabetical order.36 Advantages:1)It is convenient for readers to refer to the references.2)Citation by numbers interrupt only slightly

37、the reading of text.3)This system also reduces printing expenses.37nDisadvantages:n1)Readers usually have to turn to the reference list to find out whose work is being cited.n2)When authors must add or delete references at a late stage in revising a paper,they may be burdened with renumbering refere

38、nces.38n3)It is not ideal for the reader,because the non-alphabetical presentation of the reference list may result in separation of various references to works by the same author.393.What is the clearest way to refer to other authors?Should I focus on the authors or their ideas?nThere are various s

39、tyles for making reference to other authors.The four styles below contain the same information,but the focus is different.40nStyle 1 Blinco 1992 found that American elementary school children showednStyle 2 In 5 Blinco found that American elementary school children showednStyle 3 A study of the leve

40、l of persistence in school children was presented by Blinco 1992.nStyle 4 A greater level of persistence has been noticed in America 5.41SummarynIntroduction guidelines:1.Interest your audience and provide context.2.Follow the funnel structure.3.Keep the Introduction short.4.Provide pertinent backgr

41、ound information.5.State the central point(question/purpose or discovery statement)precisely.6.State the experimental approach briefly.7.Signal all the elements of the introduction.42nThe first sentence of the first paragraph introduces the main topic(cultural difference),and the rest of the paragra

42、ph briefly reviews a major study on this topic.The implications of this study(culture as the remaining variable)are summarized at the end of the paragraph.nThe first sentence of the second paragraph then moves on to the next major study.nThe first sentence of the third paragraph summarizes the findi

43、ngs of the first two paragraphs in order to introduce some more recent findings.43 Assignment Read the Introductions of your target papers and identify the four components.Write an Introduction based on your own experiment and research.44Summary Writingn1.What is a summary?A summary is a brief resta

44、tement,in your own words,which gives the gist of a piece of writing.n2.What kind of information should be included in a summary?A summary should include only main ideas and important supporting information.It should not include details or any personal opinions.453.How is a summary the same as the or

45、iginal work?A summary should have the same basic meaning as the original work.In other words,the summary should not have new or different information that is not in the original work.464.How is a summary different from the original work?A summary should not include many of the exact words as the ori

46、ginal work.The writer should use his or her own words in the summary to express the same general ideas found in the original work.nDo not blindly copy out whole phrases and sentences from the text.nOn the other hand,it is impossible to avoid using some of the words used in the original text.47nUsing

47、 your own words when writing a summary not only helps you understand the meaning but also constitutes the first step in avoiding plagiarism.48How to write a summaryn1)Understanding the meaning.n2)Understanding the organization.nWork through the text to identify its sectionssingle paragraphs or group

48、s of paragraphs focused on a single topic.49n3)Distill each section.nFocus on the main point of the section,omitting examples,facts,and other supporting evidence.n4)State the main idea.nWrite a sentence or two capturing the authors central ideas.n5)Support the main idea.50Qualities of a SummaryQuali

49、ty OneThe summary should not contain any of the summary writers own ideas,opinions,conclusions or judgments.51Quality TwoThe summary writer should follow the logical order of the original passage.52Quality ThreeThe summary should contain every main idea in the original passage.53Quality FourThe summ

50、ary should be a faithful account of the original passage.54nThere is not a perfect way to write a particular summary.One person may choose to write a summary one way,and another person may write it in a slightly different way.As long as the summary highlights all the main ideas,is not too long(doesn